tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64720612127116629292024-03-20T23:02:30.869-07:00Science NewsSciencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10273850767390381558noreply@blogger.comBlogger4136125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6472061212711662929.post-46454910099563776832012-10-24T05:57:00.001-07:002012-10-24T05:57:45.657-07:00[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] California surfer killed in shark attack<span style="display:none"> </span> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="position:relative;"> <div id="ygrp-msg" style="z-index: 1;"> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-text" > <p>California surfer killed in shark attack<br> <br> Oct 24, 2012 3:41 AM EDT <br> <br> VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE, Calif. (AP) - A shark attack at an Air Force base beach has claimed the life of an experienced 39-year-old surfer, following months of frequent shark sightings along the central California coast.<br> <br> Francisco Javier Solorio Jr., of Orcutt, was bitten in his upper torso while he was surfing with a friend who witnessed the attack.<br> <br> They were in the ocean off the coastal Vandenberg Air Force Base, on Surf Beach in Lompoc, the Santa Barbara County sheriff's department said in a statement.<br> <br> "His friend ended up swimming over and pulling him from the water where he received first aid," said sheriff's Sgt. Mark A. Williams. Solorio was pronounced dead at the scene.<br> <br> Surf Beach, about 150 miles northwest of Los Angeles, was also the site of an October 2010 fatal attack. Lucas Ransom, a 19-year-old student at the University of California, Santa Barbara, died when a shark nearly severed his leg as he body-boarded.<br> <br> The type of shark involved and other details of the latest death were under investigation.<br> <br> Death by shark attack is rare. An average of 65 shark attacks occur each year around the world that typically result in two or three deaths, according to the Pew Environment Group.<br> <br> The Air Force said Solorio was not affiliated with the base, which allows public access to some of its beaches. All beaches on the base's coastline will be closed for at least 72 hours as a precaution, Col. Nina Armagno said.<br> <br> No shark warning signs were posted Tuesday at Surf Beach, said Lt. Erik Raney. Beaches don't typically post such notices unless the location had a recent shark sighting, he said.<br> <br> "We've had shark sightings up and down the Santa Barbara coastline pretty frequently recently," said Raney, adding that the sightings are publicized.<br> <br> Friends said Solorio had ridden the waves off the Vandenberg beach since he was a young boy.<br> <br> "He was a really good surfer," friend Nathan Winkles told KEYT-TV in Santa Barbara.<br> <br> Last month, warning signs were posted at Santa Barbara Harbor, about 65 miles southeast of Surf Beach, after a 14-foot great white shark was spotted by a surfer.<br> <br> In July, a man escaped injury near Santa Cruz after being thrown from his kayak by a great white shark that bit through the vessel. An almost identical incident occurred off the coast of Cambria in May.<br> <br> Hundreds of miles south near the coast of San Diego, a 15-foot great white shark is believed to have killed triathlete David Martin in 2008.<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxZHUwNzJkBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0Nzc2BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTA4MzQ2MA--?act=reply&messageNum=14776">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:lynnl1@comcast.net?subject=Re%3A%20California%20surfer%20killed%20in%20shark%20attack" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20California%20surfer%20killed%20in%20shark%20attack" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlMnJ1MGowBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTA4MzQ2MA--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14776;_ylc=X3oDMTM2NzM1ZzB2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0Nzc2BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTA4MzQ2MAR0cGNJZAMxNDc3Ng--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmOHR0cnRwBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTEwODM0NjA-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">5</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJldTBwMW1wBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTA4MzQ2MA--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkNGtvYjJtBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUxMDgzNDYw" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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Scientists say sea ice in the Arctic shrank to an all-time low of 1.32 million square miles on Sept. 16(AP Photo/U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center, File)<br> <br> By Kate Spinner<br> Herald Tribune<br> <br> Forecasters say winter in Florida and along the southeastern U.S. coast will be wetter and a tad cooler than normal, but an unprecedented loss of Arctic sea ice this fall could wreak havoc with that prediction.<br> <br> The experts made almost the same long-range forecast three years ago, based on Pacific Ocean temperatures similar to those expected to develop this year. But instead of a mild chill, Florida got record-breaking cold weather that winter.<br> <br> If such extremely cold weather hits Florida again this winter, some scientists say the blame may lie nearly 3,000 miles away in the Arctic Ocean. Sea ice there dropped to its lowest level ever recorded in September, shattering the previous mark set in 2007 by 16 percent.<br> <br> Many climate scientists see a link between shrinking ice and unusual weather patterns that force Arctic air south instead of east for prolonged periods. The change can bring long-lasting winter weather extremes that cause droughts, floods and brutally long cold snaps.<br> <br> But there is one big catch. <br> <br> Although climate scientists expect Arctic air to venture south, they can't say where. Florida might even end up warmer than normal.<br> <br> "We're not sure where the crazy stuff is going to set up," said Jennifer Francis, a research professor at Rutgers University's Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences.<br> <br> When sea ice shrinks, the Arctic can become warmer than normal, reducing the temperature difference between the North Pole and the equator. The temperature difference powers the jet stream the river of air that drives weather around the globe. Without as much power, the jet stream meanders farther south than normal and can stay there for months.<br> <br> "According to what our research has shown, the type of weather patterns that set up this fall should be more slow moving. They should stick around longer," Rutger's Francis said.<br> <br> Unlike sea ice, the weather pattern called El Niño caused by warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific has predictable effects on winter weather.<br> <br> El Niño is predicted to take hold this winter, which usually causes the jet stream to push stronger rain and snow storms, and cooler air, farther south over the Eastern U.S. and Florida. That is the main reason forecasters are predicting a wetter and slightly cooler winter for Florida.<br> <br> But sea ice measurements only go back to 1979, and scientists don't yet see a definitive link between less Arctic sea ice and extreme cold in any particular place.<br> <br> "There's not a lot of sustained evidence that it's consistently changing things from year to year," said Paul Pastelok, head of long-range forecasting for Accuweather.com.<br> <br> Pastelok acknowledges that the sea ice loss could throw a wrench in the forecast. He expects to see more extreme weather during winters that follow extremely low September sea ice coverage.<br> <br> "My gut feeling is that it will have some impact," Pastelok said.<br> <br> The federal Climate Prediction Center also predicted a cooler and wetter Florida winter this year, but they did not have much confidence in their forecast Thursday. Their uncertainty stemmed from mixed signals over whether El Nino would form in time to affect winter weather.<br> <br> The loss of Artic Ocean ice is likely to have some effect on weather if only because the ocean absorbed so much heat.<br> <br> Ice reflects 80 percent of heat energy from the sun back into the atmosphere. Without the ice, the ocean absorbs 90 percent of that heat.<br> <br> That heat has to go somewhere, explains Arctic climate scientist Julienne Stroeve, of the National Snow and Ice Data Center.<br> <br> Sea ice was at its minimum coverage area on Sept. 16 before beginning to expand with the colder weather.<br> <br> Once the ocean begins to freeze, the heat it absorbed is released into the atmosphere, creating an overall warmer Arctic. <br> <br> It is that extra warmth that scientists say will shift weather patterns.<br> <br> Francis said that due to the retreating ice, the ocean absorbed enough heat energy from the sun to meet U.S. energy demands for 26 years.<br> <br> "It's just an amazing amount of energy, so it's really not a little thing at all," Francis said.<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxYW8ydG02BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0Nzc1BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTA4MDA2Nw--?act=reply&messageNum=14775">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:lynnl1@comcast.net?subject=Re%3A%20Arctic%20could%20wreak%20havoc%20on%20Florida%27s%20weather" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Arctic%20could%20wreak%20havoc%20on%20Florida%27s%20weather" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlM2VwcGpoBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTA4MDA2Nw--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14775;_ylc=X3oDMTM2OHRiYml1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0Nzc1BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTA4MDA2NwR0cGNJZAMxNDc3NQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJma29najZwBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTEwODAwNjc-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">5</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlNTV2ZmY4BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTA4MDA2Nw--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkaGdwMzhkBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUxMDgwMDY3" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! Groups" style="border: 0;"/></a> <div style="color: #747575; float: right;">Switch to: <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-traditional@yahoogroups.com?subject=Change Delivery Format: Traditional" style="text-decoration: none;">Text-Only</a>, <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-digest@yahoogroups.com?subject=Email Delivery: Digest" class="margin-rt" style="text-decoration: none;">Daily Digest</a> • <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com?subject=Unsubscribe" style="text-decoration: none;">Unsubscribe</a> • <a href="http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/" style="text-decoration: none;">Terms of Use</a> • <a href="mailto:ygroupsnotifications@yahoogroups.com?subject=Feedback on the redesigned individual mail v1" style="text-decoration: none;">Send us Feedback </a></div> </div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> </div> <!-- ygrp-msg --> <!-- Sponsor --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-sponsor" style="width:160px; float:right; clear:none; margin:0 0 25px 0; background: #fff;"> <!-- Start Recommendations --> <div id="ygrp-reco"> </div> <!-- End Recommendations --> </div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <div style="clear:both; color: #FFF; font-size:1px;">.</div> </div> <img src="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=97359714/grpId=3572315/grpspId=1705083091/msgId=14775/stime=1351080067/nc1=5522126/nc2=5758222/nc3=5741398" width="1" height="1"> <br> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__,_._,___</div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEnd|**|-~--> Sciencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10273850767390381558noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6472061212711662929.post-18379312617227939422012-10-23T14:04:00.001-07:002012-10-23T14:04:55.288-07:00[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Whale Racket: Sounding out How Loud the Oceans Were from Whale Vocalizing Prior<span style="display:none"> </span> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="position:relative;"> <div id="ygrp-msg" style="z-index: 1;"> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-text" > <p>Woods Hole, MA Concern is growing that human-generated noise in the ocean disrupts marine animals that rely on sound for communication and navigation. In the modern ocean, the background noise can be ten times louder than it was just 50 years ago. But new modeling based on recently published data suggests that 200 years ago -- prior to the industrial whaling era -- the ocean was even louder than today due to the various sounds whales make.<br> <br> California researchers Michael Stocker and Tom Reuterdahl of Ocean Conservation Research in Lagunitas, Calif., present their findings at the 164th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA), held Oct. 22 -- 26 in Kansas City, Missouri. Using historic population estimates, the researchers assigned "sound generation values" to the species for which they had good vocalization data. "In one example, 350,000 fin whales in the North Atlantic may have contributed 126 decibels -- about as loud as a rock concert -- to the ocean ambient sound level in the early 19th century," Stocker notes. This noise would have been emitted at a frequency from 18 -- 22 hertz.<br> <br> According to the researchers, use of whaling records to determine just how many whales were harvested from the ocean over the course of industrialized whaling is difficult because the captains were taxed on their catch and therefore had an incentive to "fudge" the numbers. Some captains kept two sets of books. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, some of the real reports began surfacing. In one example the Soviets initially reported taking approximately 2,710 humpback whales from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s. The newer data reveal the actual number was closer to 48,000.<br> <br> This more accurate data was supported by population estimates using mitochondrial DNA, which does not change through female lines of a species. Thus the current diversity in DNA can serve as a proxy for historic population numbers.<br> <br> While their estimates suggest there was a whole lot of whale racket a couple centuries ago, Stocker says "we can assume that animals have adapted to biological noise over the eons, which may not be the case with anthropogenic noise. Anthropogenic noise is often broader band and differently textured than natural noise, so the impacts are likely different as well. Investigating these differences and their impact on marine life is the topic of intense research."<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxdnQzY2FiBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0Nzc0BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAyNjI3NQ--?act=reply&messageNum=14774">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:grm.phd@gmail.com?subject=Re%3A%20Whale%20Racket%3A%20Sounding%20out%20How%20Loud%20the%20Oceans%20Were%20from%20Whale%20Vocalizing%20Prior%20" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Whale%20Racket%3A%20Sounding%20out%20How%20Loud%20the%20Oceans%20Were%20from%20Whale%20Vocalizing%20Prior%20" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlZGVtcTEyBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAyNjI3NQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14774;_ylc=X3oDMTM2YXR1cTdnBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0Nzc0BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAyNjI3NQR0cGNJZAMxNDc3NA--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmMm8wNGdlBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTEwMjYyNzU-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">5</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlbGhibjlwBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAyNjI3NQ--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkaW52MnBwBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUxMDI2Mjc1" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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Jason Lenes, research associate with the University of South Florida's Center for Prediction of Red Tides, said dead fish are littering beaches from Sarasota south.<br> <br> "Right now, we have a bloom that's pretty substantial in size," he said, "with the concentration as far north as Pinellas, but mostly it's off the coast from Sarasota to Charlotte Harbor."<br> <br> He compared this year's [2012] version to the 2006 bloom. The red tide in 2005 was record setting, lasting from January that year to February the following year [2006].<br> <br> Red tide can make it into Tampa Bay, but that usually does not happen because of tidal flow and currents at the mouth of the Bay, he said.<br> <br> Scientists are unsure about the causes of red tide, scientifically known as _Karenia brevis_. They know that blooms begin 30 to 40 miles<br> [48-64 km] offshore as a natural occurrence. Typically, they stay there, unless winds and currents drive them toward shore.<br> <br> Biologists with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Research Institute also are keeping an eye on the bloom that was detected this past week. The concentrations ranged from trace to medium, with the highest concentrations found at Cabbage Key in the Pine Island Sound area of Lee County.( and now Collier County)<br> <br> A 10-year study completed last year [2011] found that red tide algae contains at least 12 different toxins that can be harmful to people.<br> It also discovered an antitoxin in red tide that currently is being used to develop a drug to fight cystic fibrosis.<br> <br> --<br> Communicated by:<br> ProMED-mail from HealthMap alerts<br> <<a href="mailto:promed%40promedmail.org">promed@promedmail.org</a>><br> <br> [Red tide or harmful algal blooms (HABs) are events in which single-celled protists, dinoflagellates, proliferate rapidly and accumulate in the water column. These events are associated with wildlife mortalities, because under certain circumstances these organisms can produce potent toxins. Normally these toxins enter the food web when they are consumed by filter feeding animals, such as clams, oysters, mussels, in which the toxins bioaccumulate. _Karenia brevis_ is a marine dinoflagellate common in Gulf of Mexico waters, and is the organism responsible for Florida red tides. The toxin it produces is called brevetoxin, which can cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning.<br> <br> People should avoid consuming marine animals that accumulate the toxins, such as hard-shell clams, soft-shell clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops.<br> <br> For an image of the dinoflagellate go to <<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Karenia_brevis.jpg">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Karenia_brevis.jpg</a>>.<br> <br> The state of Florida can be located on the HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map at <<a href="http://healthmap.org/r/1AYs">http://healthmap.org/r/1AYs</a>>. A Florida county map can be seen at <<a href="http://www.digital-topo-maps.com/county-map/florida.shtml">http://www.digital-topo-maps.com/county-map/florida.shtml</a>>. - Mod.PMB]<br> <br> [see also:<br> Red tide, shellfish - USA (02): (WA) clarification 20120926.1309673 Red tide, shellfish - USA: (WA) 20120916.1295932 Red tide, fish - USA (02): (TX) 20120817.1249584 Red tide, redhead ducks - USA (02): (TX) comment 20120228.1055491 Red tide, redhead ducks - USA: (TX) 20120226.1053079 Red tide, double crested cormorants - USA: (TX) 20120211.1039575 Red tide, fish - USA: (FL) bird, turtle 20120116.1011990<br> 2011<br> ----<br> Red tide, fish - USA (04): (FL) 20111231.3720 Red tide, shellfish - USA (02): (TX) oyster 20111216.3608 Red tide, fish - USA (03): (FL) 20111202.3513 Red tide, fish - USA (02): (TX) 20111104.3283 Red tide, fish - USA: (TX) 20111026.3180 Red tide, shellfish - USA: (MA) alert 20110506.1400 2010<br> ----<br> Paralytic shellfish poisoning - USA: (ME) warning 20100714.2353] .................................................sb/pmb/mj/jw/ll<br> *##########################################################*<br> ************************************************************<br> ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the<br> information, and of any statements or opinions based<br> thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in<br> using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID<br> and its associated service providers shall not be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material.<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxanRubTQzBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzczBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAxNDUzNg--?act=reply&messageNum=14773">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:lynnl1@comcast.net?subject=Re%3A%20Red%20Tide%20Update%20%28Florida%29" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Red%20Tide%20Update%20%28Florida%29" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlb3VjcjRlBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAxNDUzNg--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14773;_ylc=X3oDMTM2bnBuMmdpBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzczBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAxNDUzNgR0cGNJZAMxNDc3Mw--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmY2h2MnVjBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTEwMTQ1MzY-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">5</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlZWwxdWRsBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAxNDUzNg--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkcWgxZnFiBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUxMDE0NTM2" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! Groups" style="border: 0;"/></a> <div style="color: #747575; float: right;">Switch to: <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-traditional@yahoogroups.com?subject=Change Delivery Format: Traditional" style="text-decoration: none;">Text-Only</a>, <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-digest@yahoogroups.com?subject=Email Delivery: Digest" class="margin-rt" style="text-decoration: none;">Daily Digest</a> • <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com?subject=Unsubscribe" style="text-decoration: none;">Unsubscribe</a> • <a href="http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/" style="text-decoration: none;">Terms of Use</a> • <a href="mailto:ygroupsnotifications@yahoogroups.com?subject=Feedback on the redesigned individual mail v1" style="text-decoration: none;">Send us Feedback </a></div> </div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> </div> <!-- ygrp-msg --> <!-- Sponsor --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-sponsor" style="width:160px; float:right; clear:none; margin:0 0 25px 0; background: #fff;"> <!-- Start Recommendations --> <div id="ygrp-reco"> </div> <!-- End Recommendations --> </div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <div style="clear:both; color: #FFF; font-size:1px;">.</div> </div> <img src="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=97359714/grpId=3572315/grpspId=1705083091/msgId=14773/stime=1351014536/nc1=5898817/nc2=5758220/nc3=5522130" width="1" height="1"> <br> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__,_._,___</div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEnd|**|-~--> Sciencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10273850767390381558noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6472061212711662929.post-71766440333471458712012-10-23T10:03:00.000-07:002012-10-23T15:45:09.281-07:00[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Stalking sea mammals in Langkawi<span style="display:none"> </span> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="position:relative;"> <div id="ygrp-msg" style="z-index: 1;"> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-text" > <p>Shah Alam, MALAYSIA - Marine biologist Dr Louisa Ponnampalam is `living her dream', studying marine mammals. Biologists are collecting data on cetaceans in Langkawi in a bid to understand how best to protect them.<br> <br> WHENEVER Langkawi is mentioned, it usually conjures up images of sandy beaches, rainforests, waterfalls, mangroves and duty-free shopping. Few visitors realise that the waters around Langkawi's 104 islands are home to dolphins, porpoises and even whales.<br> <br> Marine biologist Dr Louisa Ponnampalam, co-founder of the MareCet Research Organisation which is involved in marine mammal research, hopes that this will change and is working hard to increase awareness and collect data about marine mammals in the island off Kedah.<br> <br> "If we can do good research here in Langkawi, then we can start to think about starting similar research projects in places like Penang and Perak," she says.<br> <br> Last month, she conducted a week-long survey of marine mammals with volunteers and members of Langkawi Dolphin Research, a project of MareCet. The organisation derives its name from the Latin mare meaning sea and a contraction of the word cetacean, which is the collective noun for whales, dolphins and porpoises. As the name suggests, these are the animals that are the object of Ponnampalam's study.<br> <br> "We've been doing this since 2010. The more data we collect, the more we will know about the habits of these mammals in their natural environment. We can use this knowledge to understand how best to protect them."<br> <br> Some of the data gathered during the field trip includes new information on the distribution of marine mammals around Langkawi, including estimates of group size and the movement and abundance of these groups. By comparing photos from previous field trips, Ponnampalam has shown that some individual humpback dolphins seem to prefer certain sites around Langkawi, while others tend to move around the archipelago a bit more.<br> <br> When asked why the organisation chose to focus on Langkawi, she replies: "We had already heard of quite a few sightings in Langkawi, so we knew there were marine mammals here, but there was no reliable data to say exactly how many and of what species. Since Langkawi is one of Malaysia's top tourism destinations, we felt it important to understand the dynamics of how land-based and water-based human activities may be affecting the animals and their marine environment. The fact that Langkawi is easily accessible compared to the islands on the east coast of the peninsula makes a difference, too."<br> <br> As well as spending time at sea looking for cetaceans, members of MareCet are also actively involved in establishing a dialogue with local fishermen who are also an important source of first-hand information about the presence and behaviour of marine mammals. MareCet provides guidelines to them on safe fishing practices, particularly the types of nets and hooks to be used to avoid injuring or killing marine mammals. Their website also provides advice for tourism operators, which include not allowing anyone to feed, touch or swim with the animals.<br> <br> Ponnampalam is a dynamic young woman who clearly has the dedication and drive necessary for her chosen career.<br> <br> "This is what I've always wanted to do," she says. "I am living my dream. When I was 13, I told everyone that I would go to Hawaii and study to become a marine biologist and that I would set up my own research facility back in Malaysia. I haven't quite achieved the second part yet, but MareCet is a starting point."<br> <br> Although she studied in Hawaii and Scotland and did research for her PhD in Oman, she always planned on returning to Malaysia. "I love to travel, but Malaysia is my home. And the marine mammals here are begging to be studied. Marine biology is still very young in Malaysia. Compared to other countries, there is still a lot to do here. That makes it exciting to be a marine biologist in Malaysia. In a way, we are pioneers."<br> <br> During last month's survey, the group sighted Indo-Pacific finless porpoises, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins and Bryde's whales around Langkawi as well as Irrawaddy dolphins close to Kuala Perlis. Group sizes for the dolphins and porpoises ranged from one to 150 individuals but for whales, only one or two were seen at a time.<br> <br> I was lucky enough to be invited to join the survey team on two of their field trips. Both days, we set off before 7am and did not get back until 10pm. Most of that time was spent out on the water.<br> <br> "It's a reality check for some of the young students who are considering a career in marine biology," says Ponnampalam. "My friends say, `Oh, you're so lucky to go out on the boat' but they don't see the long hours we put in. Not everyone is willing, or able, to spend time in such basic conditions, or eat peanut butter sandwiches every day," she says with a laugh.<br> <br> Most of her days on board are spent in a high seat that reminds me of a tennis umpire's chair. From that vantage point, there is a greater field of vision, but it is exhausting to keep watching the waves for any sign of movement in the water. Every wave and shadow makes you wonder if something is there.<br> <br> The first morning, after barely half an hour out of Kuah harbour, we spot something. The boat idles to a halt. The silence ringing in my ears after the engine cuts out is soon replaced by the splash of waves against the fibreglass hull of the boat.<br> <br> "Indo-Pacific finless porpoise three, possibly five," calls out Ponnampalam from her perch, looking through a pair of binoculars. This information is noted down, along with the GPS coordinates. Visibility and wave swell height according to the Beaufort scale are jotted down as well and we take measurements of depth, water temperature, salinity, level of dissolved oxygen and the presence of any other boats in the vicinity. All this raw data will be fed into a computer at the end of the day and will provide Ponnampalam with plenty of work at her post in the Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences in Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.<br> <br> "We've seen large groups of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins during this trip and they appear to consist mainly of mother-calf pairs, perhaps a strategy of `safety in numbers'. We also observed very high-energy social and sexual activity in the groups of humpback dolphins that we encountered."<br> <br> This year, another boat has joined in the survey. Dr Satoko Kimura of Nagoya University in Japan is an acoustics specialist conducting research on freshwater ñnless porpoises found in the Yangtze River in China and has come to Langkawi to further her research.<br> <br> "We are very lucky that she can join us on this field trip," says Ponnampalam. "It's the first time that we are using acoustic methods to study dolphins in Malaysia."<br> <br> I join Kimura's boat in the afternoon. The skipper is a sleepy fisherman who spends his nights fishing for squid. I help Kimura keep him awake, but occasionally he falls asleep and the boat steers wildly off course. Her boat travels more slowly than the lead boat and trails a long cable with specially designed microphones attached.<br> <br> "Dolphins and porpoises make sounds all the time," says Kimura. "If there is poor visibility, they use sounds to let each other know where they are. They communicate in very high-frequency sounds that humans cannot hear. We can hear 16-20 hertz but Yangtze finless porpoises can hear up to 125 hertz."<br> <br> There are two NBHF (Narrow-Band High-Frequency) units on the cable, each with two microphones. Analysing the sounds by triangulation can give the precise location of a mammal and, in a small group, give an idea of the number of individuals present. This data will later be compared to Ponnampalam's visual sightings.<br> <br> "Maybe she can see two or three dolphins but the acoustic readings can sometimes show that there were more individuals below the surface. This gives us more accurate data," says Kimura.<br> <br> Other than the few porpoises in the morning, we don't see anything else for the rest of the day. The steady hypnotic hum of the boat engine and the rocking of the waves conspire to lull me to sleep. I wake to find that the wind has picked up. White crests are zipping across the peaks of the waves as the weather hovers between three and four on the Beaufort scale.<br> <br> GPS coordinates have been pre-set and we follow invisible transect lines along the sea, ranging from almost all the way south to Pulau Payar, where fishing trawlers hover just beyond the border of the designated marine park, close to Kuala Perlis in the north, just a couple of nautical miles shy of the border with Thailand. It is dark by the time we return to Kuah harbour.<br> <br> The following evening, Ponnampalam tells me that the team sighted 152 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. This was something I really wanted to see, so I joined the team again the following day in the hopes of sighting something similar. This time, the transect lines were shorter and ranged more to the south of Langkawi, skirting Pulau Tuba, Pulau Dayang Bunting and dozens of smaller islands with isolated empty beaches and interesting rock formations. I discovered parts of Langkawi that I had never seen before, well off the paths of the standard island-hopping tours that are so popular with the island's visitors.<br> <br> I was travelling in Kimura's boat. Ponnampalam and her team had reached the end of the line and were waiting for us to arrive. Suddenly everyone was standing up and pointing at something in the water. I saw see a few ripples, but couldn't tell what it was.<br> <br> "A whale shark," shouts Ponnampalam excitedly. I took from her demeanour that this was something quite exceptional.<br> <br> Our boatman took us in a bit closer to the ripples, but I still couldn't see anything except the reflected glare off the surface of the water. Then suddenly it was there right beside our boat, barely a metre beneath the surface. I was stunned by the size of it almost as long as our boat and more than big enough to overturn us if it should so wish, but the whale shark seemed content to let us admire the rows of star-like patterns on its back and give us the time to snap a few photos. The whale shark is the world's biggest fish and can measure up to 14m. The creature we spotted is roughly half that size.<br> <br> After a few minutes, it dived deeper and then the surface ripples appeared further out. The boatmen turned their boats and we headed back towards the main island.<br> <br> "According to local fishermen, they are found near Langkawi from September to February," says Ponnampalam .<br> <br> The following day, the MareCet team made two more whale shark sightings in addition to all the other data gathered over the week.<br> <br> Malaysia is a maritime nation and a fish-eating nation. It depends on the health of its waters to feed its population and maintain its fisheries. In order to protect its maritime assets, more has to be understood about these complex ecosystems and that requires dedicated researchers like Ponnampalam and her team and the facilities necessary to do their work.<br> <br> "I hope that we can raise awareness of the importance of marine conservation in Malaysia and that the work we are doing will someday materialise into a permanent research facility here in Langkawi," says Ponnampalam.<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxb2N0ZjVkBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzcyBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAxMTc5Mw--?act=reply&messageNum=14772">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:grm.phd@gmail.com?subject=Re%3A%20Stalking%20sea%20mammals%20in%20Langkawi" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Stalking%20sea%20mammals%20in%20Langkawi" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlbm5wc3FmBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAxMTc5Mw--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14772;_ylc=X3oDMTM2cTlvM2lnBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzcyBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAxMTc5MwR0cGNJZAMxNDc3Mg--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmNTE4MTd1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTEwMTE3OTM-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">5</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlcGszc2tpBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAxMTc5Mw--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkNnNtNWpjBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUxMDExNzkz" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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The quantities of waste observed at the AWI deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN are even higher than those found in a deep-sea canyon near the Portuguese capital Lisbon.<br> <br> For this study Dr. Melanie Bergmann examined some 2100 seafloor photographs taken near HAUSGARTEN, the deep-sea observatory of the Alfred Wegener Institute in the eastern Fram Strait. This is the sea route between Greenland and the Norwegian island Spitsbergen. "The study was prompted by a gut feeling. When looking through our images I got the impression that plastic bags and other litter on the seafloor were seen more frequently in photos from 2011 than in those dating back to earlier years. For this reason I decided to go systematically through all photos from 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2011," Melanie Bergmann explains.<br> <br> The deep-sea scientists from the HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology of the Alfred Wegener Institute regularly deploy their towed camera system OFOS (Ocean Floor Observation System) during Polarstern expeditions to the HAUSGARTEN. At the central HAUSGARTEN station it is towed at a water depth of 2500 metres, 1.5 metres above the sea bed, and takes a photograph every 30 seconds. Deep-sea biologists principally use these photographs to document changes in biodiversity with respect to larger inhabitants such as sea cucumbers, sea lilies, sponges, fish and shrimps. <br> <br> However, for Melanie Bergmann they also provided evidence of increasing deep-sea pollution: "Waste can be seen in around one percent of the images from 2002, primarily plastic. In the images from 2011 we made the same discovery on around two percent of the footage. The quantity of waste on the sea bed has therefore doubled," the scientist says. If we consider the time span between 2007 and 2011 the amount has even risen by an order of magnitude.<br> <br> At first sight, the "two percent" result may not cause much concern. However a comparison demonstrates the true extent of the pollution in the Arctic deep sea: "The Arctic Ocean and especially its deep-sea areas have long been considered to be the most remote and secluded regions of our planet. Unfortunately, our results refute this notion at least for our observatory. The quantities observed were higher than those recorded from a deep-sea canyon not far from the industrialised Portuguese capital Lisbon," Melanie Bergmann explains. It is also important to bear in mind that, according to recent research, more plastic waste will accumulate in deep-sea canyons than in open slope environments such as HAUSGARTEN.<br> <br> Melanie Bergmann is unable to determine the origin of litter from photographs alone. However she suspects that the shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice may play an important role. "The Arctic sea ice cover normally acts as a natural barrier, preventing wind blowing waste from land out onto the sea, and blocking the path of most ships. Ship traffic has increased enormously since the ice cover has been continuously shrinking and getting thinner. We are now seeing three times the number of private yachts and up to 36 times more fishing vessels in the waters surrounding Spitsbergen compared to pre-2007 times," Melanie Bergmann says. Furthermore, litter counts made during annual clean-ups of the beaches of Spitsbergen have shown that the litter washed up there originates primarily from fisheries.<br> <br> The main victims of the increasing contamination of the seafloor are the deep-sea inhabitants. "Almost 70 percent of the plastic litter that we recorded had come into some kind of contact with deep-sea organisms. For example we found plastic bags entangled in sponges, sea anemones settling on pieces of plastic or rope, cardboard and a beer bottle colonised by sea lilies," Melanie Bergmann says.<br> <br> When sponges or other suspension feeders come into contact with plastic, this may cause injuries to the surface of their body. The consequence: the inhabitants of the sea bed are able to absorb fewer food particles, grow more slowly as a result, and probably reproduce less often. Breathing could also be impaired. Furthermore, plastic always contains chemical additives, which have various toxic effects. "Other studies have also revealed that plastic bags that sink to the seafloor can alter the gas exchange processes in this area. <br> <br> The sediment below then becomes a low oxygen zone, in which only few organisms survive," Melanie Bergmann says. On the other hand, other animals use the waste as hard substratum to settle on. "This allows colonisation by species that previously would have found hardly any suitable substratum. This means that the waste could change the deep-sea composition of species and therefore biodiversity in the long-term," the researcher adds.<br> <br> In view of the far-reaching climate changes in the Arctic, Melanie Bergmann and colleagues want to expand their research projects on "litter in the sea": "Until now our results from the Fram Strait merely constitute a snapshot, reflecting the observations that we were able to make with the naked eye," the scientist explains. For example, the focus is currently moving to the question of deep-sea pollution resulting from so-called micro-plastic particles. "We took samples for the first time during the last expedition with our research ice breaker POLARSTERN to the HAUSGARTEN observatory. Our AWI colleagues from Helgoland will analyse them for micro-plastics," says Melanie Bergmann. Micro-plastics can be ingested by marine animals including commercially harvested prawns and fish and enter the human food chain.<br> <br> During this expedition Belgian mammal and bird observers also counted 32 pieces of litter floating at the water surface. The probability of researchers finding more litter on the deep ocean floor is therefore great. Melanie Bergmann: "Pieces of plastic on the deep seafloor are unlikely to degrade into micro-plastics as quickly as is the case on the North Sea coast, for example. This is due to the lack both of sunlight at a depth below 200 metres and of strong water movement. Instead it is dark and cold there. Under these conditions plastic waste can probably persist for centuries."<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxNzI3NjhpBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzcxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAwNzc5Ng--?act=reply&messageNum=14771">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:grm.phd@gmail.com?subject=Re%3A%20Biologists%20Record%20Increasing%20Amounts%20of%20Plastic%20Litter%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Deep%20Sea" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Biologists%20Record%20Increasing%20Amounts%20of%20Plastic%20Litter%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Deep%20Sea" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlMWhub21lBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAwNzc5Ng--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14771;_ylc=X3oDMTM2aTkxYjBtBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzcxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAwNzc5NgR0cGNJZAMxNDc3MQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmdWdkZ3RpBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTEwMDc3OTY-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlZ2o2b2FhBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MTAwNzc5Ng--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkMm0zZGQyBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUxMDA3Nzk2" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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Fleury, Albert Einten, 9 de julho,<br> Inf. Sabará, hosp. Coração. Plano empresa a partir de quatro vidas. Planos a partir de 0 a 18 no plano básico.</font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Plano oferece remissão de cinco anos na falta de titular , livre escolha de médicos, hospitais e laboratórios, atendimento nacional e exterior, assistência 24 horas, planos já sob a nova regulamentação da lei 9.656/98</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Sem aumento de faixa etária após 59 anos.</strong><br> </font></p> <p align="center"> </p> <p align="center"></p></td> </tr> </table> <!-- Tod casos de disputa entre o provedor e valorizacao detentora do eventoscadastrais, a recomendação descrita acima será aplicada sendo que o real dono da valorizacao devera seguir este procedimento. --> <p><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br> Se você não deseja mais receber nossos e-mails, cancele o <a href="http://trial.spway.com.br/remover.htm">recebimento</a> aqui. </font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <strong><br> <br> </strong></font></p> <p> </p> </div> Sciencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10273850767390381558noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6472061212711662929.post-52676170673865040732012-10-22T17:51:00.000-07:002012-10-22T17:52:06.803-07:00[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Whale with a human voice emerges after 30 years<span style="display:none"> </span> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="position:relative;"> <div id="ygrp-msg" style="z-index: 1;"> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-text" > <p>(I find Ridgway's final comment infuriating. Mod. MB)<br> <br> A WHALE WITH A HUMAN VOICE<br> Whales have been observed mimicking human voices. But would they ever be able to speak?<br> <br> By Jennifer Viegas <br> Mon Oct 22, 2012 12:00 PM ET <br> <br> enlarge<br> Long periods of human contact have led whales to mimic the vocal sounds of their caretakers. Click to enlarge this image. <br> Corbis Images<br> Certain whales can imitate the voices of humans, according to a new paper that highlights the vocal mimicry skills of one whale in particular.<br> <br> The marine mammal, a white whale named NOC, copied the sound of people so well that at first, researchers thought they were hearing humans conversing in the distance. A diver who worked with NOC once even left the water, wondering, "Who told me to get out?" The voice turned out to be that of NOC.<br> <br> "They are highly vocal animals," lead author Sam Ridgway of the National Marine Mammal Foundation told Discovery News, adding that NOC was not the first to copy human speech.<br> <br> "A major instance occurred at Vancouver Aquarium in 1979," he said. "In that case, people thought the whale uttered his name ("Lagosi") and other sounds that were like garbled German or Russian. Our whale was the second example, however, ours was the first solid demonstration using acoustic analysis including 'voice print' simultaneously with human speech."<br> <br> The study, described in the latest issue of Current Biology, revealed an amplitude rhythm in NOC's vocalizations that was comparable to human speech. Fundamental frequencies in the whale's vocalizations were also in the same range of human speech and were several octaves lower than the whale's usual sounds.<br> <br> Ridgway said NOC spent long periods in close contact with humans, listening to them from both above and below the surface.<br> <br> "The whale often heard divers talking over underwater communication equipment," he continued. "I think that vocal animals like feedback. Perhaps this figured in his motivation."<br> <br> NOC also went to a lot of trouble to make the sounds. The researchers explain that the whale had to vary the pressure in his nasal tract while making other muscular adjustments and inflating the vestibular sac in his blowhole.<br> <br> NOC, who unfortunately passed away after 30 years at the National Marine Mammal Foundation, stopped making the human speech-like sounds after the age of 3 or 4 years old, Ridgway said. At the time, Ridgway presented the news at a scientific conference, but the work was not funded and became lost in the research shuffle until more recently, when colleagues encouraged him to publish the data.<br> <br> There are a few possibilities as to why NOC stopped his human vocal mimicry while still a youngster.<br> <br> The first is that hormonal changes related to sexual maturity may diminish a whale's urges to mimic. Another possible reason is that the novelty might have simply worn off for NOC.<br> <br> Ridgway explained that "we trained the whale to interact with us acoustically for hearing test and for reaction time determinations, among other things. For this new work, the whale was responding to us vocally. These responses may have limited his interest in the human speech-like sounds."<br> <br> William Schevill, now deceased, of Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology, was the first to document spontaneous human voice mimicry in a white whale. Schevill and colleague Barbara Lawrence noted that "occasionally the calls would suggest a crowd of children shouting in the distance."<br> <br> The findings open up the possibility of teaching white whales how to speak, but that effort might not be worthwhile, Ridgway suggests.<br> <br> "They readily learn," he said. "I think they could be taught many sounds. I do not know that teaching speech would be scientifically worthwhile."<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxdTVpZmE5BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzcwBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDk1MzUwMw--?act=reply&messageNum=14770">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:malcolmb2@comcast.net?subject=Re%3A%20Whale%20with%20a%20human%20voice%20emerges%20after%2030%20years" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Whale%20with%20a%20human%20voice%20emerges%20after%2030%20years" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlYTYxYXI1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDk1MzUwMw--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14770;_ylc=X3oDMTM2MnM1ZTI3BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzcwBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDk1MzUwMwR0cGNJZAMxNDc3MA--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmMmY1c3F1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA5NTM1MDM-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlZDVpOHE3BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDk1MzUwMw--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkaDIwNmVjBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwOTUzNTAz" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! Groups" style="border: 0;"/></a> <div style="color: #747575; float: right;">Switch to: <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-traditional@yahoogroups.com?subject=Change Delivery Format: Traditional" style="text-decoration: none;">Text-Only</a>, <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-digest@yahoogroups.com?subject=Email Delivery: Digest" class="margin-rt" style="text-decoration: none;">Daily Digest</a> • <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com?subject=Unsubscribe" style="text-decoration: none;">Unsubscribe</a> • <a href="http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/" style="text-decoration: none;">Terms of Use</a> • <a href="mailto:ygroupsnotifications@yahoogroups.com?subject=Feedback on the redesigned individual mail v1" style="text-decoration: none;">Send us Feedback </a></div> </div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> </div> <!-- ygrp-msg --> <!-- Sponsor --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-sponsor" style="width:160px; float:right; clear:none; margin:0 0 25px 0; background: #fff;"> <!-- Start Recommendations --> <div id="ygrp-reco"> </div> <!-- End Recommendations --> </div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <div style="clear:both; color: #FFF; font-size:1px;">.</div> </div> <img src="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=97359714/grpId=3572315/grpspId=1705083091/msgId=14770/stime=1350953503/nc1=5741392/nc2=5758220/nc3=5191953" width="1" height="1"> <br> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__,_._,___</div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEnd|**|-~--> Sciencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10273850767390381558noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6472061212711662929.post-55191024767751552142012-10-22T12:12:00.000-07:002012-10-22T15:32:15.570-07:00[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] A Whale With a Distinctly Human-Like Voice<span style="display:none"> </span> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="position:relative;"> <div id="ygrp-msg" style="z-index: 1;"> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-text" > <p>Maryland Heights, MO For the first time, researchers have been able to show by acoustic analysis that whales -- or at least one very special white whale -- can imitate the voices of humans. That's a surprise, because whales typically produce sounds in a manner that is wholly different from humans, say researchers who report their findings in the October 23 issue of Current Biology, a Cell Press publication.<br> <br> "Our observations suggest that the whale had to modify its vocal mechanics in order to make the speech-like sounds," said Sam Ridgway of the National Marine Mammal Foundation. "Such obvious effort suggests motivation for contact."<br> <br> It all started in 1984 when Ridgway and others began to notice some unusual sounds in the vicinity of the whale and dolphin enclosure. As they describe it, it sounded as though two people were conversing in the distance, just out of range of their understanding.<br> <br> Those unusually familiar sounds were traced back to one white whale in particular only some time later when a diver surfaced from the whale enclosure to ask his colleagues an odd question: "Who told me to get out?"<br> <br> They deduced that those utterances came from a most surprising source: a white whale by the name of NOC. That whale had lived among dolphins and other white whales and had often been in the presence of humans.<br> <br> In fact, there had been other anecdotal reports of whales sounding like humans before, but in this case Ridgway's team wanted to capture some real evidence. They recorded the whale's sounds to reveal a rhythm similar to human speech and fundamental frequencies several octaves lower than typical whale sounds, much closer to that of the human voice.<br> <br> "Whale voice prints were similar to human voice and unlike the whale's usual sounds," Ridgway said. "The sounds we heard were clearly an example of vocal learning by the white whale."<br> <br> That's all the more remarkable because whales make sounds via their nasal tract, not in the larynx as humans do. To make those human-like sounds, NOC had to vary the pressure in his nasal tract while making other muscular adjustments and inflating the vestibular sac in his blowhole, the researchers found. In other words, it wasn't easy.<br> <br> Sadly, after 30 years at the National Marine Mammal Foundation, NOC passed away five years ago. But the sound of his voice lives on.<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxc3AxM3VuBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY5BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDkzMzEyOQ--?act=reply&messageNum=14769">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:grm.phd@gmail.com?subject=Re%3A%20A%20Whale%20With%20a%20Distinctly%20Human-Like%20Voice" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20A%20Whale%20With%20a%20Distinctly%20Human-Like%20Voice" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlbmJzdGZzBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDkzMzEyOQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14769;_ylc=X3oDMTM2NWRrcXNmBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY5BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDkzMzEyOQR0cGNJZAMxNDc2OQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmdmliZnBpBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA5MzMxMjk-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">2</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlNHNvbDlkBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDkzMzEyOQ--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkbjJpbjg4BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwOTMzMTI5" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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The study attempts to shed light on the impacts of sea ice and commercial whaling on this threatened but now recovering species. The study appears in the most recent edition of Ecology and Evolution.<br> <br> "Our study represents the first genetic analysis of bowheads across their entire range," said Elizabeth Alter, the study's lead author and now a professor at City University of New York. "The study also illustrates the value of ancient DNA in answering questions about the impact of changing climate and human exploitation on genetic diversity in bowhead whales."<br> <br> Specifically, the study authors examined mitochondrial DNA from whales from all four or five putative populations -- the Canada-Greenland population (sometimes designated as two separate populations, the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait and Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin populations), Bering-Beaufort-Chuckchi Seas, the Okhotsk, and the Spitsbergen populations -- for the purpose of gauging gene flow between those groups.<br> <br> The team also used DNA gathered from relics found at the now-abandoned settlements of the Thule people (the likely ancestors of the Inuit) on Somerset Island on the western side of Prince Regent Inlet. The site was inhabited between 500-800 years before the present. Existing data from older DNA samples from Spitsbergen (some 3,000 years in age) samples were also used in the analysis.<br> <br> The ancient samples from Prince Regent Inlet were brought to the lab at AMNH's Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, where researchers isolated and amplified segments of mitochondrial DNA, which is passed on exclusively through the maternal lines of a population.<br> <br> The genetic analysis revealed differences found between ancient and modern population diversity, including the recent disappearance of unique maternal lineages over the past 500 years, the possible result of habitat loss during the Little Ice Age (a period of climatic cooling that occurred between the 16th to 19th Centuries) and/or extensive whaling in the region.<br> <br> Another finding of the study: the frozen -- and seemingly impassable -- inlets and straits separating Atlantic and Pacific populations appear to be little obstacle to the ice-savvy and morphologically adapted bowheads. The team found the whale populations in both regions to be so related that individual whales must able to make the journey across the Arctic, although the finer details on the directions whales traveled in are still uncertain.<br> <br> "The assumption that Arctic sea ice has separated bowhead whale populations over the past several thousand years is contradicted by the genetic analysis, which indicates that significant migration between Atlantic and Pacific populations has recently taken place," said Dr. Howard Rosenbaum, Director of WCS's Ocean Giants Program and senior author on the study. "The finding reveals much about the abilities of bowheads to find navigable routes through sea ice and helps illuminate hidden connections between populations."<br> <br> The authors point out that understanding the effects of shifting sea ice conditions and commercial whaling are important for future management decisions for the bowhead whale, particularly in light of the disappearance of sea ice due to climate change, maritime tourism, and increased shipping in the Arctic environment.<br> <br> Reaching up to 65 feet in length and up to 100 tons in weight, the bowhead whale is a baleen whale that lives in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters. The bowhead gets its name from its enormous arched head, which it occasionally uses to break through ice up to 60 centimeters thick in order to breathe. The species widely hunted for centuries by commercial whalers, who prized the species for its long baleen (used in corsets and other items) and its thick blubber (the thickest of any species of whale). The bowhead whale may also be among the most long-lived mammal species. In 2007, aboriginal whalers on the Alaskan coast landed a whale carrying a valuable clue about the animal's probable age. The whalers discovered a harpoon point manufactured in the 1890s embedded in the whale's blubber, indicating the animal may have survived an encounter with whalers more than one hundred years ago.<br> <br> The bowhead whale has been protected from commercial whaling by the International Whaling Commission since 1946. Currently, limited subsistence whaling by coastal communities on the Bering, Beaufort, and Chuckchi Seas is permitted by the IWC. Bowheads are listed on Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), a listing that completely prohibits international trade. The Okhotsk Sea and Spitsbergen populations are listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as "Endangered" and "Critically Endangered" respectively, while the other populations are designated as "Least Concern." <br> <br> The authors include: Elizabeth Alter of the City University of New York; Howard C. Rosenbaum of the Wildlife Conservation Society and the American Museum of Natural History; Lianne Postma, Melissa Lindsay, and Larry Dueck of Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Peter Whitridge of the Memorial University of Newfoundland; Cork Gaines, Diana Weber, Mary Egan, and George Amato of the American Museum of Natural History's Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics; Robert Brownell Jr. and Brittany Hancock of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (National Marine Fisheries Service/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration); Mads Peter Heide-Jørgensen and Kristin Laidre of the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources; and Gisella Caccone of Yale University.<br> <br> In addition to novel bowhead whale genetic research, WCS is working to advance conservation initiatives for Arctic marine mammals in general. Through its Ocean Giants Program and Arctic Beringia Program -- a transboundary initiative that works closely with scientists, government agencies, indigenous groups and others from North America and the Russian Federation, -- WCS is working to strengthen Arctic research and governance efforts, while evaluating the potential impacts of disappearing sea ice and increased anthropogenic activities, such as shipping, on whales, walrus, and other marine wildlife, as well as the indigenous communities that have lived in the region for millennia.<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxcGlkbnNlBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY4BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY3NzYwOQ--?act=reply&messageNum=14768">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:grm.phd@gmail.com?subject=Re%3A%20Bowhead%20Whales%3A%20Ancient%20DNA%20Sheds%20Light%20On%20Arctic%20Whale%20Mysteries" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Bowhead%20Whales%3A%20Ancient%20DNA%20Sheds%20Light%20On%20Arctic%20Whale%20Mysteries" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlNWg2NzZxBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY3NzYwOQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14768;_ylc=X3oDMTM2bmdwYWF1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY4BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY3NzYwOQR0cGNJZAMxNDc2OA--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmbDA1czU2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA2Nzc2MDk-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlOTg1M2NuBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY3NzYwOQ--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkcnZhYWs3BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwNjc3NjA5" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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The latest to be affected is Barefoot Beach in Collier County.<br> <br> The bloom extends from Pinellas County to northern Collier. The beach with the highest concentration of red tide is Blind Pass Beach along Sanibel and Captiva.<br> <br> Pine Island Sound and Englewood Beach are also on the list. <br> <br> Red tide is toxic for sea creatures, so dead fish are washing ashore, causing a bit of a stench.<br> <br> Along with those dead fish, red tide can cause respiratory issues in humans, so people who suffer from asthma and other breathing problems are advised to stay away from the beach.<br> <br> Florida Fish and Wildlife will be releasing another report today detailing the latest red tide test results for Southwest Florida.<br> <br> NBC News<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxMzQ0NGE1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY3BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY2NDcwMg--?act=reply&messageNum=14767">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:lynnl1@comcast.net?subject=Re%3A%20Red%20tide%20still%20affecting%20area%20beaches" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Red%20tide%20still%20affecting%20area%20beaches" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlMzgzNHI3BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY2NDcwMg--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14767;_ylc=X3oDMTM2c2RrbTlkBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY3BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY2NDcwMgR0cGNJZAMxNDc2Nw--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmZDU4bjZoBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA2NjQ3MDI-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlbjZzZWY1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY2NDcwMg--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkc2Vncmw1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwNjY0NzAy" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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The fin trade has devastated several species including hammerheads, oceanic whitetip, blue, threshers and silky and contributed to 181 shark and ray species being listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as threatened with extinction. <br> <br> The trade is legal, though efforts are being made to ban the practice of "finning" hacking the fins off of sharks and throwing the rest overboard, often when they are still alive. Four years ago, under international pressure, the UAE joined the growing number of countries banning the practice. Armed with a clip board and wearing bright yellow waders, Rima Jabado looked the part of a government inspector at the Dubai fish market as workers sawed the fins off hundreds of dead sharks from Oman and bagged them for export to Asian restaurants.<br> <br> But the 33-year-old Lebanese-Canadian doctoral student was not chatting with fisherman on the market's slippery floors and jotting down notes to monitor the lucrative and largely unregulated trade that has decimated stocks of certain sharks, but rather to document what species are being caught in the waters across the Persian Gulf.<br> <br> "The government will not react unless we give them actual data," said Jabado, as she raced to take genetic samples from the sharks before their carcasses were carted off and fins auctioned to the highest bidder.<br> <br> "The problem is that I'm the only one doing research. There is not enough being done in the UAE and the region," she said. "We know shark populations are depleting around the world so we are kind of racing against time to see what is going on."<br> <br> Fishermen across the globe kill as many as 70 million sharks each year for their fins, which can sell for $700 a pound (450 grams), while the soup prized for Chinese banquets and weddings can cost $100 a bowl. The fin trade has devastated several species including hammerheads, oceanic whitetip, blue, threshers and silky and contributed to 181 shark and ray species being listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as threatened with extinction.<br> <br> The trade is legal, though efforts are being made to ban the practice of "finning" hacking the fins off of sharks and throwing the rest overboard, often while they are still alive. Four years ago, under international pressure, the UAE joined the growing number of countries banning the practice.<br> <br> Spain is top among 82 countries that export fins, mostly to Hong Kong and other Asian markets, followed by Singapore and Taiwan, according to Sonja Fordham, president of the Washington, D.C.-based Shark Advocates International. The United Arab Emirates is ranked fourth mostly because it is a regional hub for the trade in sharks coming predominantly from Oman but also from Yemen, Iran and Africa.<br> <br> The trade thrives in the Gulf, as it does worldwide, shark conservationists said, mainly because there aren't enough people out there like Jabado. The fast-talking Jabado, who favors a white bandanna, black T-shirt and trousers when she is in the field, is the only person in the UAE assessing shark numbers.<br> <br> Governments in the region have until now largely ignored sharks in favor of more commercial fish species like grouper.<br> <br> They have almost no data on the numbers and species of sharks that can be found from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Oman, often lack the laws that would curb the trade and don't have the money or the political will to enforce the laws they do have on the books, such as bans on shark fishing.<br> <br> "In an ideal world what we would have is every population of every shark monitored so we know how many adults there are," said Nick Dulvy, a Canadian researcher who is the co-chair of IUCN's Shark Specialist Group that is tasked with determining which species are endangered.<br> <br> The challenges were laid bare at a shark conservation workshop in the UAE this month. Governments from across the Gulf sent representatives and all offered testimony of just why their country wasn't doing more to protect sharks.<br> <br> Kuwait talked of protecting two shark species but admitted enforcement of its ban on shark fishing was weak and that government inspectors and fishermen couldn't even identify them. Saudi Arabia claimed it banned the export of fins in 2008 but had no answers as to why its fins continue to turn up in Hong Kong markets. Oman sent a government team with no experience with sharks while Bahrain and the UAE admitted they lacked sufficient data to determine whether sharks were overfished in their waters.<br> <br> "Our hands are tied because of insufficient data," Mohammed Tabish, a fisheries specialist with the UAE Ministry of Environment and Water, told the conference. "It's all collected in general form and includes no species specific data which makes it difficult to take the necessary actions for particular species."<br> <br> Yemen and Somalia, whose sharks routinely turn up in Dubai's market, are typical of countries with bigger problems. Both have thriving shark fisheries Yemen ranks sixth in exporters to Hong Kong and is one of the few countries that consume sharks domestically.<br> <br> Yemen has no laws protecting sharks while Somalia lacks the means to enforce the laws it has on the books due to a lack of funds, its long-running civil war and fledging government.<br> <br> "If you go to the Somalia coast at night, you will see thousands of ships fishing illegally, mostly for sharks and lobster," Ahmed Shaikh Mahmoud Osman, wildlife director for Somalia's Ministry of Fisheries and Environment, said of the boats which come primarily from Asian countries. "We need fishing boats to safeguard the coast. We also need renewal of formal laws to stop criminals and greedy business people who come to our coast and smuggle our resources."<br> <br> Dulvey, Fordham and Jabado encouraged the region's governments to start collecting data and using it to draw up management plans which can include quotas and outright bans on endangered shark species.<br> <br> Until now, no governments in the Gulf have quotas on shark fishing nor have any national shark conservation plans. The UAE, Bahrain and Qatar do, however, give protection to sawfish a shark-like ray species that is the most threatened marine species in the world.<br> <br> Fordham also said Oman and Yemen could join the UAE in requiring that sharks are landed with their fins attached rather than processed at sea which helps with enforcement and makes it easier to collect scientific data.<br> <br> "Overall a lot more needs to be done to insure sustainability of shark population, especially species that are exceptionally vulnerable," Fordham said.<br> <br> Oman and Yemen have promised to develop shark conservation plans while Oman and Abu Dhabi have started doing stock assessments of several shark species the first step in developing a management plan.<br> <br> For the most part, though, the job of data collection is left to Jabado, who for the past two years has visited fish markets across the UAE 180 times, identifying shark species, sex ratio and abundance among other things. From that, she has concluded there are 30 shark species in the waters off the coast of the UAE and 37 coming in from Oman about two-thirds which are listed by the IUCN as near threatened or endangered including several hammerheads.<br> <br> She also has interviewed more than 100 fishermen and spent more than 100 hours on boats tagging sharks in the Persian Gulf. She has only caught five sharks herself in that time, confirming what 82 percent of the Emirati fishermen she interviewed have said: Shark numbers are down and those caught are much smaller.<br> <br> "They say that 15 years ago, you looked at sunset in Dubai and could see fins," Jabado said. "They used to catch monstrous sharks, sharks bigger than a bus. 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But deputies say the fish likely had an accomplice - below, read the witty report written up by a school resource deputy after the September incident.<br> <br> -----<br> <br> Fishy incident at Naples High School<br> Date: 09-24-12<br> Time: 12:10 hours<br> Suspect: Mackerel<br> Description: Height 15", weight 16 oz, eyes black, hair none, multi colored skin, scars-multiple, undercut jaw<br> Victim: (HIPPA-protected) Teacher at school<br> <br> At approximately 12:10 hours a teacher was standing at an area called Oasis observing students during lunch when out of nowhere a flying mackerel came down from the sky and struck her in the head. The teacher sustained minor injuries and was escorted to the clinic, where she was cleaned up. She was complaining of a slight headache and nothing else.<br> <br> The suspect was later identified as Scomberomorus maculatus, (Atlantic Spanish Mackerel) A.K.A "Mack." He was found lying on the ground possibly attempting to conceal himself out in the open. I took control of the suspect without incident and escorted him to the clinic where he was positively identified by the victim. While speaking with the victim she advised:<br> <br> "I was watching students when all of a sudden I was struck in the head by this flying fish. I yelled, 'Holy Mackerel, what just happened?'"<br> <br> The victim was not able to advise how "Mack" got to the school but theorized that he possibly hitched a ride from an unknown accomplice/bird possibly named "Osprey." She doesn't think it was "Eagle," as we are the Eagles at Naples High School.<br> <br> I made contact with Principal Dr. Graham at Naples High and showed her the suspect. I advised her at this time he might be arrested for battery on school employee (Florida Statute 784.081 (2) (c)).<br> <br> Suspect "Mack" was escorted back to my office, where I advised him of Miranda warning. He "clammed up" (being from the ocean) and refused to answer any questions or make any statements. The victim did not fill out a sworn statement or wish to press charges. She only advised that "something fishy is going on here." The suspect was released with further investigation required. The Osprey might be the true suspect for the battery.<br> <br> We are grateful here that it was not a flying cow, as injuries would be more severe and the teacher might have screamed "Holy Cow what was that?"<br> <br> We will still be on the lookout for "when pigs fly," though.<br> <br> Cpl. Jim Brown<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxYWFmcDZwBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY1BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY1MDczOA--?act=reply&messageNum=14765">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:lynnl1@comcast.net?subject=Re%3A%20Teacher%20injured%20in%20airborne%20fish%20attack" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Teacher%20injured%20in%20airborne%20fish%20attack" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlcTRubjF2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY1MDczOA--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14765;_ylc=X3oDMTM2OHBtZmttBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY1BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY1MDczOAR0cGNJZAMxNDc2NQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmazIxYm1tBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA2NTA3Mzg-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJla3BvdWxsBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY1MDczOA--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkMTJwMjUyBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwNjUwNzM4" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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Sarasota's Sea to Shore Alliance, in collaboration with the University of Havana's Center for Marine Investigation, started the first effort in Cuba to track manatees using satellite technology. (Photo provided by Sea to Shore Alliance)<br> <br> By Eric Ernst<br> Herald Tribune<br> <br> Thursday, October 18, 2012 at 2:09 p.m.<br> <br> A few years ago, as Anmari Alvarez planned her undergrad thesis at the University of Havana, she had to discard her first choice as a subject. She could not write about Cuban manatees, because even the most elementary research on the local population was too scant.<br> <br> Although she went with bottle-nosed dolphins instead, Alvarez never abandoned her first love.<br> <br> For almost 10 years, she has worked with eminent manatee researcher James "Buddy" Powell of Sarasota to lay the groundwork for studying manatees in her native land.<br> <br> In June, the two became part of an historic breakthrough. Powell's small research group, Sea to Shore Alliance, in collaboration with the University of Havana's Center for Marine Investigation, started the first effort in Cuba to track manatees using satellite technology.<br> <br> For Cuban research, this is a big deal. A few times a year for a decade, Powell and others have measured captured manatees and tested blood, but the inability to determine where those manatees traveled and what they did when they got there has left gaping holes in the scientific log.<br> <br> The new tracking devices, when belted to a manatee's tail, transmit signals to a satellite, similar to how the GPS system works in a car. Powell logs on to a website, which maps the animal's movement. Although the tag sends no signal when it is under water, Powell says the lack of transmission indicates specific behavior that scientists can interpret after years of similar tracking in Florida.<br> <br> Powell predicts that Cuba, a large island with favorable geographic features, eventually will be recognized as one of the most important habitats for manatees in the entire Caribbean.<br> <br> He should know. Powell has engaged in longstanding manatee studies from West Africa to Belize and traces his research pedigree to 1967, when at age 13 he guided Woody Hartman of Cornell University during his seminal manatee studies on Florida's Crystal River. Four years later, he did the same for Jacques Cousteau.<br> <br> Over a decade, Powell's Cuban endeavors have evolved slowly, partly because the lingering effects of the Cold War have made it hard to travel and to transport equipment between the United States and the island nation.<br> <br> Network of volunteers<br> <br> The satellite tracking project took two years to implement and required a special license from the U.S. Department of Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets. The Department of Commerce also had to sign off. Then the Cuban government had its list of bureaucratic hurdles.<br> <br> Sea to Shore's status as a nonprofit, charitable, scientific organization, not to mention Powell's patient development of relationships Alvarez being a good example helped smooth the way. "We're trying to keep any politics out of it. It's just about the science," Powell says.<br> <br> The science has its own problems. Although manatees have been a protected species in Cuba since 1901, they are still hunted for food. That has made them wary of humans and boats.<br> <br> Indeed, before Powell could really consider strapping transmitters to manatees, he had to develop a network of volunteers who would report and verify manatee sightings. Manatees move around. Without at least a basic idea of their patterns, covering a number of seasons and years, no one would know where to find them to attach the transmitters.<br> <br> Aerial surveys are impractical not only because of Cuba's dark waters, but also the expense. Flight time costs about $3,000 a hour.<br> <br> Even an educated guess of where to find manatees is no guarantee. In January, filled with enthusiasm to start the new tracking program, Powell and a research team went to a mangrove creek where they had recorded lots of manatee sightings. The expedition lasted a week, cost thousands of dollars, and ended with no manatees and no tagging.<br> <br> Powell surmises an extended drought left the popular gathering area too salty. Chalk up another entry for the data book. He doesn't know where the manatees went instead. With the transmitters, he may get an answer.<br> <br> In June, the team returned to the creek, this time without Powell. The researchers netted six manatees and attached tags on two.<br> <br> That's all they could afford. The tags cost $5,000 each. At least it's a start.<br> <br> 'A flagship species'<br> <br> The tracking research also may have implications for Florida. Five years ago, Alvarez investigated the sighting of a mother and calf near a power plant. She took photos, which revealed extensive scarring on the mother. That's rare in Cuba, where manatees more likely suffer injury or drowning from trawler nets rather than the scarring associated with speedboat encounters in the United States.<br> <br> When Powell saw the photos, he exclaimed, "I know this manatee!"<br> <br> Sure enough, Powell had photographed the animal on the Crystal River in 1979 and had seen it there as recently as 2006. He's sure of it, because, in a sad commentary on manatee existence in Florida, the U.S. Geological Survey keeps a record of scarring, which identifies individual manatees almost as unerringly as fingerprints identify humans.<br> <br> This was no inexperienced juvenile that might have lost its way. Nor were there any major storms to blow the animal off-course. Its appearance in Cuba suggests that some migration takes place, Powell says. He hopes genetic testing and the tracking will reveal more.<br> <br> Ultimately, the researchers aim to provide a better understanding of how manatees live so their interactions with humans become less harmful, and we can avoid the extinction of another species in our lifetime. There is hope.<br> <br> Cuba has already declared a moratorium on trawling in some channels. It also has set aside extensive areas for parks and marine resource protection. "They're seizing on manatees as a flagship species, sort of like we did in the '60s," Powell says.<br> <br> Alvarez insists her compatriots, including the fishermen, support those efforts.<br> <br> One final observation: Alvarez, 30, hopes to earn her Ph.D. through the University of Florida, where she'll finally get to write that dissertation on manatees. It's not a done deal. She's still trying to work out the finances, a visa and the logistics between UF and the University of Havana.<br> <br> If she succeeds, Powell believes she will be the first UF doctoral candidate from Cuba in 50 years. There's still hope for the human species, too.<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxdmJ0cWU1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY0BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY0OTc5Nw--?act=reply&messageNum=14764">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:lynnl1@comcast.net?subject=Re%3A%20Cuba%20joins%20efforts%20to%20save%20manatees" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Cuba%20joins%20efforts%20to%20save%20manatees" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlM2hzY2VhBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY0OTc5Nw--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14764;_ylc=X3oDMTM2bHR2Y2x1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzY0BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY0OTc5NwR0cGNJZAMxNDc2NA--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmZnJvYnJ1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA2NDk3OTc-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlOGtsYThpBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDY0OTc5Nw--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkbHA4dWZoBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwNjQ5Nzk3" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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Rinaldi Digilio<BR>Data: Novembro de 2013<BR><FONT color=#ff0000>Pague em 36x</FONT></B></P> <P class=central align=center><A href="http://trial.spway.com.br/israel"><IMG border=0 hspace=0 alt="Caravana para Israel 9 dias pague em 36 vezes" align=middle src="http://trial.spway.com.br/israel/arte2012.jpg" COLOR="#FF0000"></A><BR></P> <P class=central align=center> <TABLE border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=638 align=center> <TBODY> <TR> <TD> <DIV class=central title="Page 1" align=center> <DIV> <DIV> <P>ROTEIRO 9 DIAS ISRAEL<BR><BR>Caravana: Seguindo os passos do Mestre<BR>Com o Pastor: Rinaldi Cesar Digilio<BR><BR><B>Pastor Rinaldi Cesar Digilio é:<BR>Lider Jovem Nacional da Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular<BR>Professor do Instituto de Teologia Quadrangular<BR>Pastor da Igreja de Vila Ema - SP ( Catedral da Unção )<BR>Marido de Tais Digilio<BR>Pai de Felipe e Julia Digilio<BR></B><BR></P></DIV></DIV> <DIV> <DIV> <P><BR></P> <DIV title="Page 1"> <DIV class=central> <DIV> <DIV> <P><B>DIA 1 SÃO PAULO</B> </P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P>Apresentação no aeroporto de São Paulo/Guarulhos com destino a... </P> <P><B>DIA 2 TEL AVIV</B> </P> <P>Chegada no aeroporto Ben Gurion, recepção e traslado até o hotel para alojamento e descanso. </P> <P><B>DIA 3 JOPE - CESARÉA - MONTE CARMELO - MONTE DO PRECIPÍCIO - TIBERÍADES </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção a Jope, local onde Jonas foi engolido por um grande peixe e onde vivia Simão, o Curtidor. Continuamos a viagem até as ruínas de Cesaréa Marítima, cidade construída pelo rei Herodes que funcionou como capital da provícia da Judéia na época de Jesus e onde morava o procurador romano Pôncio Pilatos. De lá, continuamos a viagem em direção ao Monte Carmelo, onde o profeta Elias conseguiu invocar a presença de Deus e vencer a disputa com os profetas de Baal. Prosseguimento da viagem cruzando o vale em direção ao Monte do Precipício, em Nazaré, onde Jesus passou sua infância e adolescência e de onde temos uma belíssima visão panorâmica da cidade e de todo o Vale do Armagedon, palco da batalha do Juízo Final segundo o livro de Apocalipse. Continuação em direção a Tiberíades, às margens do Mar da Galiléia, onde nos alojamos no hotel para jantar e descanso. </P> <P><B>DIA 4 GALILÉIA </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção à marina de Tiberíades, onde embarcamos em um barco típico de madeira para cruzarmos o Mar da Galiléia até o porto de Ginosar. Lá, continuamos em direção ao Monte das Bem Aventuranças, palco do sermão mais famoso de Jesus. Depois, descida até Tabgha, palco do milagre da multiplicação dos pães e peixes, e visita às ruínas de Cafarnaum, onde Jesus viveu e estabeleceu seu ministério. No almoço, o famoso ?peixe de São Pedro?, pescado no Mar da Galiléia. À tarde, prosseguimento em direção ao Yardenit, local de batismo no Rio Jordão, nas mesmas águas onde João Batista batizou Jesus. Retorno ao hotel, jantar e descanso. </P> <P><B>DIA 5 MAR MORTO - QUMRAM - JERICÓ - JERUSALÉM </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção à região do Mar Morto, ponto mais baixo do mundo, atravessando o Vale do Jordão e parte das montanhas da Judéia, reproduzindo o caminho que Jesus fazia quando viajava a Jerusalém. Chegada ao sítio arqueológico de Qumram, onde viviam os Essênios e com quem viveu João Batista. Lá foram encontradas as cópias mais antigas de que se tem notícia de todos os livros do Antigo Testamento. Depois, tempo livre para banho no Mar Morto, que têm a maior concentração de sal do mundo e onde ninguém afunda. Prosseguimento da viagem até Jericó, atualmente dentro do território da Autoridade Palestina, onde visitaremos a fonte de Elizeu, as ruínas das muralhas da época de Josué, a figueira brava de Zaqueu, o coletor de impostos que se debruçou nela para ver a passagem de Jesus pela cidade e Monte da Tentação, para onde Jesus foi levado durante sua provação. No final do dia, continuação até a cidade santa de Jerusalém, capital eterna e indivisível dos judeus. C hegada ao hotel, jantar e descans <P><B>DIA 6 JERUSALÉM - BELÉM </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída bem cedo em direção ao topo do Monte das Oliveiras, de onde temos a mais tradicional vista da cidade velha de Jerusalém e da esplanada do templo. Descida à pé em direção ao Getsêmani e o Jardim das Oliveiras, onde Jesus chorou e foi preso pelos romanos. Prosseguimento em direção ao Muro das Lamentações, último resqüício do que um dia foi o Templo de Jerusalém na época de Jesus. Depois, continuação até o topo do Monte Sião, onde visitamos o túmulo do Rei David e o Cenáculo, local da última ceia de Jesus com seus discípulos e do Pentecostes. Mais tarde, prosseguimento em direção a Belém, atualmente dentro do território da Autoridade Palestina, onde almoçamos e visitamos a Igreja da Natividade, igreja cristã mais antiga do mundo, que foi construída sobre a gruta onde Maria deu a luz a Jesus. Em seguida, vamos até o Campo dos Pastores, onde o anjo do Senhor anunciou aos pastores o nascimento do Salvador. Depois, visitaremos o comércio local para conhecerm os o famoso artesanato em oliveir <P><B>DIA 7 JERUSALÉM </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção à Piscina de Betesda, palco de um dos milagres mais importantes de Jesus, a cura do paralítico no Sábado. Lá também é a localização da Fortaleza Antônia, palco da prisão e julgamento de Jesus. Continuação pela Via Dolorosa até a Porta de Damasco, que é a única original da época de Jesus. Depois, tarde livre para compras no Suk, mercado árabe da Cidade Velha. Retorno ao hotel, jantar e descanso. </P> <DIV title="Page 2"> <DIV> <DIV> <DIV> <P><B>DIA 8 JERUSALÉM - LOD </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção ao Jardim do Túmulo, do lado de fora das muralhas da Cidade Velha, onde visitaremos o Gólgota – famosa colina em forma de caveira onde eram crucificados os criminosos no tempo de Jesus – e o túmulo que pertencia ao aristocrata José de Arimatéia e que foi cedido a Jesus quando a sua crucificação. Tempo para reflexões, celebração da Santa Ceia e entrega de certificados de peregrinação à Terra Santa assinados pelo Ministro de Turismo de Israel e o prefeito de Jerusalém. Depois, continuação ao aeroporto de Tel Aviv/Lod e embarque com destino a... </P> <P><B>DIA 9 SÃO PAULO </B></P> <P>Chegada ao aeroporto de São Paulo/Guarulhos e... </P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P> </P></DIV></DIV></DIV></TD></TR> <TR> <TD class=central> <P align=center><A href="http://trial.spway.com.br/israel">Garanta Já sua Reserva, este preço é realmente muito especial<BR><BR>(11) 2797-9011<BR><BR>Caravana: Seguindo os passos de Jesus (Mestre)<BR>com Pr. Rinaldi Cesar Digilio</A></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P><SPAN class=pequenina> <P class=pequenina align=center><BR></P></SPAN> <P align=center><SPAN class=pequenina><SPAN class=pequenina><FONT size=1>Para remover seu e-mail da lista por favor clique nesta</FONT><A href="http://trial.spway.com.br/remover.htm"><FONT size=1> remoção</FONT></A></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=central><BR><BR></P></SPAN>Sciencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10273850767390381558noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6472061212711662929.post-20148926110790020972012-10-18T10:53:00.001-07:002012-10-18T10:53:45.148-07:00[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Why Are U.S. Eastern Seaboard Salt Marshes Falling Apart?<span style="display:none"> </span> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="position:relative;"> <div id="ygrp-msg" style="z-index: 1;"> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-text" > <p>Woods Hole, MA Salt marshes have been disintegrating and dying over the past two decades along the U.S. Eastern seaboard and other highly developed coastlines, without anyone fully understanding why. This week in the journal Nature, MBL Ecosystems Center scientist Linda Deegan and colleagues report that nutrients -- such as nitrogen and phosphorus from septic and sewer systems and lawn fertilizers -- can cause salt-marsh loss.<br> <br> "Salt marshes are a critical interface between the land and sea," Deegan says. "They provide habitat for fish, birds, and shellfish; protect coastal cities from storms; and they take nutrients out of the water coming from upland areas, which protects coastal bays from over-pollution." Losses of healthy salt marsh have accelerated in recent decades, with some losses caused by sea-level rise and development.<br> <br> "This is the first study to show that nutrient enrichment can be a driver of salt-marsh loss, as well," says David S. Johnson of the MBL, a member of the team since the project began in 2003.<br> <br> This conclusion, which surprised the scientists, emerged from a long-term, large-scale study of salt marsh landscapes in an undeveloped coastline section of the Plum Island Estuary in Massachusetts. Over nine years, the scientists added nitrogen and phosphorus to the tidal water flushing through the marsh's creeks at levels typical of nutrient enrichment in densely developed areas, such as Cape Cod, Mass., and Long Island, N.Y. (Usually, nutrients originating from septic systems, sewerage, and soil fertilizers on land flow with rainwater down to the coastal ocean.)<br> <br> A few years after the experiment began, wide cracks began forming in the grassy banks of the tidal creeks, which eventually slumped down and collapsed into the muddy creek. "The long-term effect is conversion of a vegetated marsh into a mudflat, which is a much less productive ecosystem and does not provide the same benefits to humans or habitat for fish and wildlife," Deegan says.<br> <br> Until this study, it seemed that salt marshes had unlimited capacity for nutrient removal, with no harmful effects on the marshes themselves. "Now we really understand that there are limits to what salt marshes can do," Deegan says. "And in many places along the Eastern seaboard -- such as Jamaica Bay in New York, where marshes have been falling apart for years -- we have exceeded those limits."<br> <br> The disintegration of the nutrient-enriched marsh in this study happened in several stages, the scientists report. In the first few years, the nutrients caused the marsh grass (primarily cordgrass Spartina spp.) along the creek edges to get greener and grow taller, "just like when you add fertilizer to your garden," Deegan says. This taller grass also, however, produced fewer roots and rhizomes, which normally help stabilize the edge of the marsh creek. The added nutrients also boosted microbial decomposition of leaves, stems, and other biomass in the marsh peat, which further destabilized the creek banks. Eventually, the poorly rooted grass grew too tall and fell over, where the twice-daily tides tugged and pulled it. The weakened creek bank then cracked and fell into the creek.<br> <br> By year six of the experiment, the scientists started seeing impacts at higher marsh elevations, above the lower creek banks. Three times more cracks, and bigger cracks, emerged at the top of the banks parallel to the creeks, than in a control marsh where no nutrients were added. Eventually, parts of the higher marsh also broke off and slid down toward the creek (which the scientists call the 'toupee effect,' because it leaves behind patches of bare, unvegetated mud). All told, at least 2.5 times more chunks of marsh fell into the creeks in the nutrient-enriched marsh than in the control system.<br> <br> "We honestly did not anticipate the changes we measured," says Deegan. "Based on prior small-scale experiments, we predicted nutrient enrichment would cause the marsh grass to grow better and remain stable. But when we allowed different parts of the ecosystem to interact with the nitrogen enrichment over time, the small process changes we saw in the first few years resulted in the creek banks later falling apart. This could not have been extrapolated from the smaller-scale, shorter term studies."<br> <br> Nutrient enrichment of coastal areas is known to cause harmful algae blooms, which create low-oxygen conditions that kill off marine life. "Now we understand that nutrient enrichment also causes a very important loss of salt marsh habitat for fish and shellfish," Deegan says. "This is one more reason why we need better treatment of household waste in our towns and cities." Individuals can help by not using fertilizers on their lawns and gardens. "If you have a green lawn because you are fertilizing it, you are contributing to loss of salt marshes and ultimately of fish," Deegan says.<br> <br> This study could not have been accomplished without the cooperation and fore-sightedness of officials from the towns of Ipswich, Mass., and Rowley, Mass., and the Essex County Greenbelt Association, the scientists say.<br> <br> "They recognized the importance of the work," Johnson says. "They understood that our work would not affect the much larger Plum Island Estuary, since the area manipulated was small relative to the large area of the sound and the marsh is able to process a lot of the nutrients before they get anywhere near the sound. They realized that whatever we discovered would help their towns, and society in general, make better decisions about treating the excessive nutrient enrichment of our coast."<br> <br> This study is part of the Plum Island Ecosystem Long-Term Ecological Research (PIE-LTER) program, supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The PIE-LTER conducts basic science and provides information to coastal managers to help them make more informed decisions.<br> <br> "This is a landmark study addressing the drivers of change in productive salt marsh ecosystems, and a stellar example of the value of supporting LTER sites," says David Garrison, program director in NSF's Division of Ocean Sciences, which supports the LTER program along with NSF's Division of Environmental Biology.<br> <br> In the next phase of research, the scientists will study the recovery of the nutrient-enriched marsh. "After we stop adding the nitrogen, how long does it take the system to rebound to its natural state?" Deegan asks. This information will be important in reclaiming the health of salt marshes that are currently suffering from nutrient enrichment.<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxdHNwaGkwBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzYzBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDU4MjgwNA--?act=reply&messageNum=14763">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:grm.phd@gmail.com?subject=Re%3A%20Why%20Are%20U%2ES%2E%20Eastern%20Seaboard%20Salt%20Marshes%20Falling%20Apart%3F" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Why%20Are%20U%2ES%2E%20Eastern%20Seaboard%20Salt%20Marshes%20Falling%20Apart%3F" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlcjRxaTJ1BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDU4MjgwNA--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14763;_ylc=X3oDMTM2cmhmN2pkBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzYzBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDU4MjgwNAR0cGNJZAMxNDc2Mw--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmcmFkNG02BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA1ODI4MDQ-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlc2hjNGxvBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDU4MjgwNA--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkN2hkYjhrBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwNTgyODA0" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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Brian Branstetter from the National Marine Mammal Foundation and colleagues found that dolphins can use echolocation with near-perfect accuracy continuously for up to 15 days, identifying targets and monitoring their environment.<br> <br> The researchers studied 2 dolphins, one male and one female, and found that they were capable of this task with no signs of fatigue for 5 days. The female dolphin performed additional tasks for a 15-day period. How much longer they could have continued was not studied.<br> <br> Sleeping with only one half of the brain at a time, or unihemispheric sleep, was believed to have evolved in dolphins to enable them to breathe at the surface of water even when half-asleep. This new research suggests that the need to remain vigilant may also have played a role in the evolution of this sleeping behavior.<br> <br> "These majestic beasts are true unwavering sentinels of the sea. The demands of ocean life on air breathing dolphins have led to incredible capabilities, one of which is the ability to continuously, perhaps indefinitely, maintain vigilant behavior through echolocation" says Branstetter.<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxdjA1Ym4zBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzYyBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDU4MjYyOQ--?act=reply&messageNum=14762">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:grm.phd@gmail.com?subject=Re%3A%20Dolphins%20Can%20Remain%20Alert%20for%20Up%20to%2015%20Days%20at%20a%20Time%20With%20No%20Sign%20of%20Fatigue" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Dolphins%20Can%20Remain%20Alert%20for%20Up%20to%2015%20Days%20at%20a%20Time%20With%20No%20Sign%20of%20Fatigue" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlbm5sMTM4BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDU4MjYyOQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14762;_ylc=X3oDMTM2bmhvYmEzBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzYyBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDU4MjYyOQR0cGNJZAMxNDc2Mg--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmZ2JodHY5BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA1ODI2Mjk-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlaXA3b2VxBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDU4MjYyOQ--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkNzVtbWd2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwNTgyNjI5" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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Rinaldi Digilio<BR>Data: Novembro de 2013<BR><FONT color=#ff0000>Pague em 36x</FONT></B></P> <P class=central align=center><A href="http://trial.spway.com.br/israel"><IMG border=0 hspace=0 alt="Caravana para Israel 9 dias pague em 36 vezes" align=middle src="http://trial.spway.com.br/israel/arte2012.jpg" COLOR="#FF0000"></A><BR></P> <P class=central align=center> <TABLE border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=638 align=center> <TBODY> <TR> <TD> <DIV class=central title="Page 1" align=center> <DIV> <DIV> <P>ROTEIRO 9 DIAS ISRAEL<BR><BR>Caravana: Seguindo os passos do Mestre<BR>Com o Pastor: Rinaldi Cesar Digilio<BR><BR><B>Pastor Rinaldi Cesar Digilio é:<BR>Lider Jovem Nacional da Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular<BR>Professor do Instituto de Teologia Quadrangular<BR>Pastor da Igreja de Vila Ema - SP ( Catedral da Unção )<BR>Marido de Tais Digilio<BR>Pai de Felipe e Julia Digilio<BR></B><BR></P></DIV></DIV> <DIV> <DIV> <P><BR></P> <DIV title="Page 1"> <DIV class=central> <DIV> <DIV> <P><B>DIA 1 SÃO PAULO</B> </P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P>Apresentação no aeroporto de São Paulo/Guarulhos com destino a... </P> <P><B>DIA 2 TEL AVIV</B> </P> <P>Chegada no aeroporto Ben Gurion, recepção e traslado até o hotel para alojamento e descanso. </P> <P><B>DIA 3 JOPE - CESARÉA - MONTE CARMELO - MONTE DO PRECIPÍCIO - TIBERÍADES </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção a Jope, local onde Jonas foi engolido por um grande peixe e onde vivia Simão, o Curtidor. Continuamos a viagem até as ruínas de Cesaréa Marítima, cidade construída pelo rei Herodes que funcionou como capital da provícia da Judéia na época de Jesus e onde morava o procurador romano Pôncio Pilatos. De lá, continuamos a viagem em direção ao Monte Carmelo, onde o profeta Elias conseguiu invocar a presença de Deus e vencer a disputa com os profetas de Baal. Prosseguimento da viagem cruzando o vale em direção ao Monte do Precipício, em Nazaré, onde Jesus passou sua infância e adolescência e de onde temos uma belíssima visão panorâmica da cidade e de todo o Vale do Armagedon, palco da batalha do Juízo Final segundo o livro de Apocalipse. Continuação em direção a Tiberíades, às margens do Mar da Galiléia, onde nos alojamos no hotel para jantar e descanso. </P> <P><B>DIA 4 GALILÉIA </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção à marina de Tiberíades, onde embarcamos em um barco típico de madeira para cruzarmos o Mar da Galiléia até o porto de Ginosar. Lá, continuamos em direção ao Monte das Bem Aventuranças, palco do sermão mais famoso de Jesus. Depois, descida até Tabgha, palco do milagre da multiplicação dos pães e peixes, e visita às ruínas de Cafarnaum, onde Jesus viveu e estabeleceu seu ministério. No almoço, o famoso ?peixe de São Pedro?, pescado no Mar da Galiléia. À tarde, prosseguimento em direção ao Yardenit, local de batismo no Rio Jordão, nas mesmas águas onde João Batista batizou Jesus. Retorno ao hotel, jantar e descanso. </P> <P><B>DIA 5 MAR MORTO - QUMRAM - JERICÓ - JERUSALÉM </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção à região do Mar Morto, ponto mais baixo do mundo, atravessando o Vale do Jordão e parte das montanhas da Judéia, reproduzindo o caminho que Jesus fazia quando viajava a Jerusalém. Chegada ao sítio arqueológico de Qumram, onde viviam os Essênios e com quem viveu João Batista. Lá foram encontradas as cópias mais antigas de que se tem notícia de todos os livros do Antigo Testamento. Depois, tempo livre para banho no Mar Morto, que têm a maior concentração de sal do mundo e onde ninguém afunda. Prosseguimento da viagem até Jericó, atualmente dentro do território da Autoridade Palestina, onde visitaremos a fonte de Elizeu, as ruínas das muralhas da época de Josué, a figueira brava de Zaqueu, o coletor de impostos que se debruçou nela para ver a passagem de Jesus pela cidade e Monte da Tentação, para onde Jesus foi levado durante sua provação. No final do dia, continuação até a cidade santa de Jerusalém, capital eterna e indivisível dos judeus. C hegada ao hotel, jantar e descans <P><B>DIA 6 JERUSALÉM - BELÉM </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída bem cedo em direção ao topo do Monte das Oliveiras, de onde temos a mais tradicional vista da cidade velha de Jerusalém e da esplanada do templo. Descida à pé em direção ao Getsêmani e o Jardim das Oliveiras, onde Jesus chorou e foi preso pelos romanos. Prosseguimento em direção ao Muro das Lamentações, último resqüício do que um dia foi o Templo de Jerusalém na época de Jesus. Depois, continuação até o topo do Monte Sião, onde visitamos o túmulo do Rei David e o Cenáculo, local da última ceia de Jesus com seus discípulos e do Pentecostes. Mais tarde, prosseguimento em direção a Belém, atualmente dentro do território da Autoridade Palestina, onde almoçamos e visitamos a Igreja da Natividade, igreja cristã mais antiga do mundo, que foi construída sobre a gruta onde Maria deu a luz a Jesus. Em seguida, vamos até o Campo dos Pastores, onde o anjo do Senhor anunciou aos pastores o nascimento do Salvador. Depois, visitaremos o comércio local para conhecerm os o famoso artesanato em oliveir <P><B>DIA 7 JERUSALÉM </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção à Piscina de Betesda, palco de um dos milagres mais importantes de Jesus, a cura do paralítico no Sábado. Lá também é a localização da Fortaleza Antônia, palco da prisão e julgamento de Jesus. Continuação pela Via Dolorosa até a Porta de Damasco, que é a única original da época de Jesus. Depois, tarde livre para compras no Suk, mercado árabe da Cidade Velha. Retorno ao hotel, jantar e descanso. </P> <DIV title="Page 2"> <DIV> <DIV> <DIV> <P><B>DIA 8 JERUSALÉM - LOD </B></P> <P>Café da manhã e saída em direção ao Jardim do Túmulo, do lado de fora das muralhas da Cidade Velha, onde visitaremos o Gólgota – famosa colina em forma de caveira onde eram crucificados os criminosos no tempo de Jesus – e o túmulo que pertencia ao aristocrata José de Arimatéia e que foi cedido a Jesus quando a sua crucificação. Tempo para reflexões, celebração da Santa Ceia e entrega de certificados de peregrinação à Terra Santa assinados pelo Ministro de Turismo de Israel e o prefeito de Jerusalém. Depois, continuação ao aeroporto de Tel Aviv/Lod e embarque com destino a... </P> <P><B>DIA 9 SÃO PAULO </B></P> <P>Chegada ao aeroporto de São Paulo/Guarulhos e... </P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P> </P></DIV></DIV></DIV></TD></TR> <TR> <TD class=central> <P align=center><A href="http://trial.spway.com.br/israel">Garanta Já sua Reserva, este preço é realmente muito especial<BR><BR>(11) 2797-9011<BR><BR>Caravana: Seguindo os passos de Jesus (Mestre)<BR>com Pr. Rinaldi Cesar Digilio</A></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P><SPAN class=pequenina> <P class=pequenina align=center><BR></P></SPAN> <P align=center><SPAN class=pequenina><SPAN class=pequenina><FONT size=1>Para remover seu e-mail da lista por favor clique nesta</FONT><A href="http://trial.spway.com.br/remover.htm"><FONT size=1> remoção</FONT></A></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=central><BR><BR></P></SPAN>Sciencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10273850767390381558noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6472061212711662929.post-57755557142212681742012-10-17T11:42:00.001-07:002012-10-17T11:42:22.155-07:00[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Negative Impact of Nutrients On Coastal Ecosystems: Environment Begins 'Falling<span style="display:none"> </span> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="position:relative;"> <div id="ygrp-msg" style="z-index: 1;"> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-text" > <p>Baton Rouge, LA LSU's John Fleeger, professor emeritus in LSU's Department of Biological Sciences, is part of a multi-disciplinary national research group that recently discovered the impact of nutrient enrichment on salt marsh ecosystems is marsh loss and that such loss is seen much faster than previously thought. Globally between a quarter and half of the area of the world's tidal marshes has already been lost, and although multiple factors -- sea-level rise, development, loss of sediment supply -- are known to contribute to marsh loss, in some locations the causes have remained unexplained.<br> <br> Researchers on the team include lead scientist and LSU alumna Linda A. Deegan of the Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, as well as Bruce J. Peterson of the same affiliation; David Samuel Johnson, another LSU alumnus who is affiliated with both Woods Hole and Sewanee University; R. Scott Warren of Connecticut College; Sergio Fagherazzi of Boston University; and Wilfred M. Wollheim of the University of New Hampshire. Their work was published in the Oct. 18 issue of Nature.<br> <br> This research, which began in 2002, strove to create the most accurate natural-scale experiments looking at the impact of fertilizers on salt marshes.<br> <br> "Other research programs have used plots and add nutrients to these small areas in unnaturally high concentrations; however, this doesn't mimic reality," said Fleeger. "When tides rise, they rise over large areas, not just small plots of land. We knew we wanted to take a different approach."<br> <br> But the question remained -- how to simulate something on such a grand scale?<br> <br> To do so, Fleeger and the others found a large marsh in northeastern Massachusetts that was relatively untouched by nutrient pollution. As they progressed, replicated areas were held separate from the others without fertilizer addition in order to have a reference environment for comparison.<br> <br> Using a hydrographic model, the team was able to recreate nutrient introduction into other creeks in the same manner it happens in natural environments, as dissolved fertilizer entering creeks on rising tides. What they found was that fertilizer and its associated runoff has a definitive and rapid negative impact on salt marsh ecosystems by stimulating marsh loss.<br> <br> "We got to observe nutrient enrichment from its starting point, not years after it began, which has never been done before at the landscape level," said Fleeger. "But we certainly didn't anticipate these results. In only five to seven years, the edge of the marsh is literally falling apart."<br> <br> First, cordgrass, or Spartina alterniflora, a plant that grows on the creek-side edge in salt marshes, quickly soaks up some of the extra nutrients, shifting natural growth patterns and causing a focus on upward, aboveground growth rather than growth of roots and rhizomes belowground. This loosens the creek side soil, making it more vulnerable to erosion and collapse.<br> <br> Secondly, when excess nutrients are introduced, the researchers found that it stimulates bacterial growth, breaking down peat and other vital components of the soil at a much faster rate than normal.<br> <br> Normally, the environment sees creek sides calving off large chunks, but they grow back over time. However, nutrient enriched creeks are seeing a much greater rate of calving, and a bigger change in the morphology and overall look of the creek. In effect, creeks are widening and the salt marsh is retreating with nutrient enrichment.<br> <br> "Two things alter the integrity of the soil with nutrient enrichment," said Fleeger. "The soil water level goes up while soil cohesiveness goes down. That's when we see cracks on the marsh edge start to form. Cordgrass grows taller, then falls over into the creek, and large areas of the marsh edge slump into the creek bed, disrupting the water flow and making the creek wider at the same time, increasing the impact of the nutrients. Muddy bottoms replace vegetated soil in fertilized creeks."<br> <br> But the impact doesn't stop there. Coastal marshes help protect cities from storm surges and flooding; they sequester carbon and remove nutrients before they reach the ocean; and birds, fish and shellfish rely on these ecosystems for hiding, nesting, food and more. When the look and makeup of the marsh is altered, these natural services provided by the marsh suffer as well.<br> <br> "When we first started this work, it was thought that salt marshes would be able to sequester excess nutrients and neutralize them with little impact on the marsh itself, but that hasn't proven to be the case," said Fleeger. "While they are in effect 'grabbing' the nutrients from the water, it is most definitely having an impact on the stability and function of the ecosystem."<br> <br> The group's next step is to determine what these changes in marsh geomorphology mean in the long term for the function of saltmarsh ecosystems. For example, will nutrient enrichment worsen the impact of sea-level rise on salt marshes?<br> <br> "Our work shows that the current rate at which nutrients enter many coastal ecosystems has overwhelmed the capacity of marshes to remove nutrients without negative effects on the marsh itself," said Fleeger. "Fertilizer use will undoubtedly increase as we produce more food for an expanding human population over the next few decades. Unfortunately, deterioration of coastal marshes due to eutrophication will make it harder to manage nutrients while meeting these increased food production needs."<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxNTA2NjdhBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzYxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDQ5OTMzNg--?act=reply&messageNum=14761">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:grm.phd@gmail.com?subject=Re%3A%20Negative%20Impact%20of%20Nutrients%20On%20Coastal%20Ecosystems%3A%20Environment%20Begins%20%27Falling%20" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Negative%20Impact%20of%20Nutrients%20On%20Coastal%20Ecosystems%3A%20Environment%20Begins%20%27Falling%20" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlZWFobmQ2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDQ5OTMzNg--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14761;_ylc=X3oDMTM2ZHFldGtqBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzYxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDQ5OTMzNgR0cGNJZAMxNDc2MQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmYzJ0YnBuBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA0OTkzMzY-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlZ2g0ZTgwBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDQ5OTMzNg--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkNHRnMzVhBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwNDk5MzM2" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! 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But in this first-ever account of a long-term project in the southern Caribbean, a Stony Brook professor and his colleagues report in this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that tropical ecosystems are also affected by global climatic trends -- and with accompanying economic impacts.<br> <br> In an article entitled, "Ecosystem responses in the southern Caribbean Sea to global climate change," Dr. Gordon Taylor and colleagues from Stony Brook University's School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (SoMAS), as well as the University of South Florida, University of South Carolina and two Venezuelan institutions (EDIMAR, Fundación de la Salle de Ciencias Naturales and Universidad de Oriente) provide an analysis of 14 years of continuous monthly oceanographic observations in the southern Caribbean off the coast of Venezuela. The research, known as the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series Program, has been continually funded by the National Science Foundation since 1995.<br> <br> The researchers report how the complex food web overlying the Cariaco Basin has changed in this relatively short time frame. Microscopic plankton production has steadily declined and the species of plants supporting the food web have shifted. These ecosystem changes have affected the way this region exchanges carbon dioxide (CO2) with the atmosphere and, in part, caused local sardine fisheries to collapse and thus have a negative impact on Margarita Island economy.<br> <br> The researchers link these ecosystem changes to declining upwelling of nutrient-rich waters caused by weakening Trade Winds in the region and an average sea surface warming of 1°C during their observations. According to the authors, all these changes trace back to the global heat budget, corresponding to climatic shifts in well-known indices of atmospheric circulation. This is the first report to link long-term, shipboard time-series oceanographic and local meteorological observations in the Tropics with global scale climatic changes.<br> <br> The CARIACO Ocean Time-Series Program is currently funded by NSF to continue monthly sampling until the end of 2013 and has a five-year renewal proposal pending. "We will continue with the same measurements," said Dr. Taylor. "This also includes looking at ocean acidification, molecular characterization of microbial communities and cycling of major elements."<br> <br> </p> </div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~--> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__._,_.___</div> <table cellspacing=4px style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA " > <a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxdXFnbXBnBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzYwBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDQ5OTA1NQ--?act=reply&messageNum=14760">Reply via web post</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="mailto:grm.phd@gmail.com?subject=Re%3A%20Long-Term%20Observations%20in%20the%20Tropics%20Linked%20to%20Global%20Climate%20Change" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;"> Reply to sender </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "> <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL@yahoogroups.com?subject=Re%3A%20Long-Term%20Observations%20in%20the%20Tropics%20Linked%20to%20Global%20Climate%20Change" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD"> Reply to group </a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJlajFvZ2x2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDQ5OTA1NQ--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a> </td> <td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " > <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/message/14760;_ylc=X3oDMTM2amxsZ2dxBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBG1zZ0lkAzE0NzYwBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDQ5OTA1NQR0cGNJZAMxNDc2MA--" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a> (1) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <!------- Start Nav Bar ------> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-vital" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 10px;"> <span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: inline;"> <li style="border-right: 1px solid #000; font-weight: 700; display: inline; padding: 0 5px; margin-left: 0;"> <span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmYWI0ZmNiBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEzNTA0OTkwNTU-?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span> <span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">4</span> </li> </ul> <div style="clear: both; padding-top: 2px; color: #1e66ae;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL;_ylc=X3oDMTJlZmFzcWdlBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTM1MDQ5OTA1NQ--" style="text-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a> </div> </div> <div id="ft" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 5px; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkcDZlYWwyBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzM1NzIzMTUEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDgzMDkxBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMzUwNDk5MDU1" style="float: left;"><img src="http://l.yimg.com/a/i/us/yg/logo/us.gif" height="15" width="137" alt="Yahoo! Groups" style="border: 0;"/></a> <div style="color: #747575; float: right;">Switch to: <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-traditional@yahoogroups.com?subject=Change Delivery Format: Traditional" style="text-decoration: none;">Text-Only</a>, <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-digest@yahoogroups.com?subject=Email Delivery: Digest" class="margin-rt" style="text-decoration: none;">Daily Digest</a> • <a href="mailto:MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com?subject=Unsubscribe" style="text-decoration: none;">Unsubscribe</a> • <a href="http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/" style="text-decoration: none;">Terms of Use</a> • <a href="mailto:ygroupsnotifications@yahoogroups.com?subject=Feedback on the redesigned individual mail v1" style="text-decoration: none;">Send us Feedback </a></div> </div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> </div> <!-- ygrp-msg --> <!-- Sponsor --> <!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| --> <div id="ygrp-sponsor" style="width:160px; float:right; clear:none; margin:0 0 25px 0; background: #fff;"> <!-- Start Recommendations --> <div id="ygrp-reco"> </div> <!-- End Recommendations --> </div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| --> <div style="clear:both; color: #FFF; font-size:1px;">.</div> </div> <img src="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=97359714/grpId=3572315/grpspId=1705083091/msgId=14760/stime=1350499055/nc1=5741393/nc2=5758222/nc3=5191955" width="1" height="1"> <br> <div style="color: #fff; height: 0;">__,_._,___</div> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEnd|**|-~--> Sciencehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10273850767390381558noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6472061212711662929.post-14505595811833063062012-10-17T11:33:00.000-07:002012-10-17T11:38:41.956-07:00[MARINE_BIOLOGY_INTERNATIONAL] Shark Migrations Studied With Underwater Robot Along Delmarva Peninsula<span style="display:none"> </span> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="position:relative;"> <div id="ygrp-msg" style="z-index: 1;"> <!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~--> <div id="ygrp-text" > <p>Newark, DE University of Delaware researchers are using an underwater robot to find and follow sand tiger sharks that they previously tagged with transmitters. The innovative project is part of a multi-year partnership with Delaware State University to better understand the behavior and migration patterns of the sharks in real time.<br> <br> "In the past week our new, specially equipped glider OTIS -- which stands for Oceanographic Telemetry Identification Sensor -- detected multiple sand tiger sharks off the coast of Maryland that were tagged over the past several years," said Matthew Oliver, assistant professor of oceanography in UD's College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment. "This is the first time that a glider has found tagged sharks and reported their location in real time."<br> <br> OTIS is a remote-controlled device that looks like a yellow torpedo and normally darts through the ocean to sample water conditions. Oliver outfitted the apparatus with acoustic receivers that can recognize signals given off by the sharks' transmitters as they travel through coastal waters, rapidly reporting the encounters.<br> <br> The technology allows the course of OTIS to be changed to follow the sharks and test the water surrounding them. Sharks were initially found on Oct. 10, and OTIS doubled back to again locate the sharks. The approach will help scientists follow where the sharks are going more quickly than conventional tracking techniques.<br> <br> Sand tigers are the largest commonly occurring shark in Delaware's bay and coastal waters, serving as Delaware Bay's apex predator and playing a key role in the ecological balance of the region.<br> <br> "Sand tigers have suffered from a number of threats that ultimately led to population declines," said Delaware State's Dewayne Fox. "In 1997 sand tigers were listed as a 'species of concern' by the National Marine Fisheries Service, although very little is known of their migrations and habitat requirements."<br> <br> The research involves three different types of tags. One is an acoustic transmitter that "pings" receivers while passing by a set of 70 devices situated mostly in Delaware Bay, with a few along the Atlantic coast. The receivers are maintained by Fox, who has tagged more than 500 sharks since 2006.<br> <br> The team is also using 34 pop-off satellite archival tags, which store data on the sharks' journeys for one year and then automatically release from the animal to dispatch a location signal for retrieval from the water.<br> <br> The newest type of tag is called a VEMCO mobile transceiver (VMT), a larger tag that both transmits and receives information to communicate its location and listen for the pings of other sharks, fish or marine mammals outfitted with acoustic tags.<br> <br> "It will tell us not only where it is, but who it's with," Oliver said. "It's like a social network for sharks."<br> <br> Together with their students, Oliver and Fox spent the summer inserting the transmitters into sand tiger sharks in Delaware Bay. Using bait, hooks and little patience, they caught the sharks -- up to nine feet long -- and carefully pulled them into a stretcher alongside their boat.<br> <br> Veterinarians from the Georgia Aquarium trained Oliver's graduate student, Danielle Haulsee, to insert the small transmitters in a quick surgery.<br> <br> Scientists suspect that the sharks migrate widely along the Eastern Seaboard, and the Delaware research team plans to use newly collected information to map sand tiger shark habitats. They will cross-reference the sharks' data with satellite and remotely sensed environmental conditions to create a comprehensive picture of the animals' habitats.<br> <br> "The integration of biotelemetry with ocean observations represents a fusion between observing networks on the East Coast," Oliver said.<br> <br> Fox is part of the Atlantic Cooperative Telemetry Network (ACT), which tracks thousands of animals as they move up and down the coast, while Oliver participates in the Mid-Atlantic Regional Association Coastal Ocean Observing System (MARACOOS), which uses satellites, underwater robots and models to study the coastal ocean. Their hope is that the combination of various data sets will assist natural resource managers in predicting where sand tiger sharks live -- and when -- for conservation and recovery efforts.<br> <br> Using OTIS will help researchers know which water conditions sharks prefer to swim in during their migrations. The glider can travel further out than the static receivers' locations and also collect information on temperature, water clarity and oxygen levels. If the sharks head to a certain place, scientists may be able to better understand why, Oliver explained.<br> <br> Last week his team took an educated guess on where to find the sharks, launching the glider off the coast of Delaware's Indian River Inlet and heading south. After five days, they received transmissions from sharks about 4 to 9 miles off the coast of Assateague Island, Md. Next they will try to direct the glider to stay near the sharks, unless they move south of the lower Delmarva Peninsula. The machine can stay out on a mission for about four weeks before needing a battery recharge.<br> <br> "We have at least another two weeks of battery," Oliver said. 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